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Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-10T20:51:32Z

ATaylor: /* Overview */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'', the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Coal Creek, Resort Creek, Rocky Run Creek, and Townsend Creek (James 2025). These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin.'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

''During USBR funded Reservoir Fish Passage Monitoring, WDFW conducts fish rescue across the reservoir bed from isolated pools and side channels as reservoir levels decline during the summer. All fish species are rescued and returned to the nearest area of the creek that provides the highest chance of fish survival. Most fish rescue is conducted during daytime and using dipnets only. Electrofishing may be used as a last resort for fish rescue if a blind or isolated channel is at risk for complete dewatering.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. <s>It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed.</s> ''Groundwater monitoring from June 3rd to October 13th, 2013, showed gaps in data where the water elevation dropped to below the groundwater monitoring wells, which were installed 10 feet below the surface. This indicates that the stream is deeper below the bed surface than previously thought (Abbe and Trotter 2013).'' The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends ~1.65 miles across the exposed reservoir, depending on the channel configuration (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. Other issues like recreational rock dams, and vehicles driving through the stream occurs after drawdown. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise by using small scale fish passage features that are constructed and maintained by hand. Dozens of features may be removed, modified, or built each year to maintain and improve fish passage across the reservoir bed. If stream conditions deteriorate and water depths are not sufficient for fish passage, a temporary fish passage flume may be built to facilitate fish passage. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness.''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019, and in the pond outlet channel since 2023. WDFW Water Science Team has monitored temperature at the USFS Frontage Road bridge since 2022, and at the USFWS UGC PIT antenna site since 2024, and in the Gold Creek outlet channel starting in 2025. Finally, the Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

''A [https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gold-Creek-2023-2025-Temperature-visuals.pdf longitudinal analysis of temperature data] was done for 2023-2025. It showed that maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), a measure of the highest 7-day average of daily maximum stream temperatures, ranges from 13-18 °C from upstream to downstream sites. The mean August temperatures are lower, between 11 - 16 °C. It appears that Gold Creek upstream of the dewatering zone (RM 2.5 +) remains suitable for bull trout spawning and rearing, while downstream reaches during the warmest parts are less suitable for rearing but probably suitable for migration.''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

''Passage barriers (culverts and bridges) along the I-90 corridor tributaries (Rocky Run, Resort, and Townsend creeks) were replaced between 2013 and 2016.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, since 2019, the USFWS has collected 54 entrained Gold Creek-origin fish below Keechelus Dam from September-November. A higher number (n=6) of these fish have been La Salle Rescue and Rear fish in recent years. A single Gold Creek-origin fish was also collected below Kachess Dam, apparently migrating downstream to Easton Reservoir and up the lower Kachess River. Overall, more entrained bull trout have been collected below Keechelus Dam in drought years suggesting a relation between pool elevation, discharge, and entrainment. PIT-tag detections downstream of the dam suggest most fish entrain when Keechelus Reservoir elevation drops below 2,460 ft (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''From July 2024 through December 2025, USFWS tagged 63 bull trout and used acoustic telemetry from an acoustic array in Keechelus Reservoir and PIT tag detections from a PIT antenna below Keechelus Dam to evaluate entrainment at Keechelus Dam. Data collection and analysis is ongoing, but thus far, 10 of the fish entrained resulting in an entrainment rate of about 25% annually with most entrainment occurring during July and August. The preliminary analysis indicated that overall, seasonality (day-of-year) explained more deviance than pool elevation and discharge. Entrainment timing coincided with both peak irrigation releases and pre-spawn movements toward Gold Creek, making it difficult to separate the effects of Keechelus Dam discharge and reservoir pool elevation from seasonal behavioral movements (Connor Cunningham, USFWS,'' ''in prep).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: _______________________''

''A 2000 study to evaluate the effect of Keechelus Reservoir drawdown on groundwater levels in the lower Gold Creek basin found that the water levels of the pond, and nearby groundwater levels did not drop in relation to drawdown of the reservoir (Didricksen 2001). Thus, the only dewatering issues due to flow management are probably within the inundation zone where sediment delivered by Gold Creek can rapidly drop out at the pool interface. As the pool is drafted down, the creek carves different pathways through the sediment each year resulting in shallow and heavily braided channels that would limit fish passage if there was not monitoring and intervention by WDFW fish passage team.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site (Figure X).The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering. The second generation regrowth along the banks cannot withstand Gold Creek’s high velocities and erosion continues to degrade the riparian forest.''

''The current concern with forestry is the monoculture secondary regrowth that has not been managed for fire risk. There is a high risk of a severe wildfire in the watershed.'' (Suggestion to look at USFS land management maps and determine what is protected Owl habitat vs slated for harvest... anyone know where to access these maps?)

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is a popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''There is currently a 10-year seasonal (summer) closure in place at Gold Creek to protect public safety during the restoration project. The area will be open to winter recreation when safety can be maintained. The I-90 wildlife corridor is legally closed to recreation''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat has been drastically reduced by the installation of a locked gate at the Keechelus Recreation area. The gate was installed in 2023 and is locked when the reservoir pool elevation is 2,480 ft and below. ORV can still access the reservoir bed from portions of the Palouse to Cascades Trail and from other border areas around the reservoir. There are still tire tracks found crossing Gold Creek almost weekly, but USFS has plans to install additional barriers to further reduce vehicle access to the reservoir bed while also making the reservoir bed closure permanent.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''

''A large number of seasonal-use private cabins are present on the east side (Ski Tur community) of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. There are still vacant lots that could be purchased and developed.'' ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development (Starwater) in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the development. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns. Development of Starwater and other property will reduce the ability to deal with the issues related to Starwater drain (See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] above for more details on the drain). Additionally, some cabin owners with property adjacent to Gold Creek are placing rock to armor the banks.''

''Private properties to the west of the creek have also been proposed for large developments, but that has been limited, again by the lack of domestic water supply. Expansion of water utilities may facilitate future development.''

''Monitoring of water quality has not occurred, but water quality issues are a concern.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as groundwater flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured in most years during fish rescue efforts (0 - 6) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. However, one brook trout was observed upstream of the dewatering near RM 3 during a USFWS snorkel survey in 2024. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date in either the Kachess or Keechelus watersheds based on ongoing assessments of fish collected through the trap and haul and La Salle Rescue and Rear programs (Beebe et al. 2025b).''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. WDFW stocks an average of 250,000 kokanee annually in Keechelus, which supplements prey for bull trout. Other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data). For example, the 2025 fish rescue season at Gold Creek resulted in the capture of 958 individual fish that were not bull trout.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition, and reducing or eliminating the effects of Starwater drain will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperature in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–18 °C during summer. These data include the pond outlet channel, which is known to deliver warmer water relative to the mainstem creek. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek. Something to note is that the NorWeST temperature model was built on data from several years with cooler temperatures, so it may be biased to lower "current" conditions than the long term average.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''Little is known about the effects of Angling to the Gold Creek population of bull trout. Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there are very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus Reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

==== ''Climate Change'' ====
''Climate projections indicate that watersheds in the Pacific Northwest will experience significant hydrologic changes as temperatures warm. Warmer winters are expected to increase the intensity of winter storm events and shift precipitation from snow to rain, resulting in higher winter peak flows and reduced snowpack storage. These changes will reduce spring and summer baseflows and lengthen low-flow periods (Mantua et al. 2009). Transition watersheds, which receive both rain and snowmelt runoff, are particularly vulnerable to these changes. Gold Creek is classified as a transition watershed and is already experiencing these climate-driven hydrologic shifts, which directly affect the quantity, timing, and temperature of water available for fish habitat.''
''Regional streamflow projections indicate increasing peak flows and declining summer low flows across the Yakima Basin (Yoder et.al, 2022). In the Gold Creek watershed, peak flows are projected to increase by 23% while summer low flows may decline by as much as 38% between 2020 and 2049 compared to the 1980–2009 baseline (University of Washington Climate Impacts Group 2023, RCP 8.5 scenario). Increased winter flooding may scour redds and reduce egg-to-fry survival if adequate refugia are not available (Mantua et al. 2009).''
''Climate change is also expected to increase stream temperatures in the watershed. Bull trout require cold water, with a critical temperature threshold of approximately 15°C. Rising air temperatures may push stream temperatures into the stressful range for salmonids (17–21°C) by 2040 and potentially into lethal ranges (21–24°C) by 2080. In Gold Creek, this risk is amplified by the existing gravel borrow pit, which warms groundwater before it returns to the stream. Without restoration, the combined effects of warming temperatures, reduced snowpack, and seasonal dewatering could significantly degrade habitat for multiple life stages of Bull trout and other aquatic species.''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is to complete the ''Gold Creek Valley restoration project, slated to begin in 2026 and continue for up to 10 years.'' <s>is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project</s> <s>The project connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds.</s> ''The rescue and rear program should continue to support increased population abundance while habitat is being restored.'' Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of ''further'' supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development, and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. <s>There have been documented hybrids in the system, and</s> Introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored. ''A study on the current distribution of brook trout in the watershed would help prioritize areas for targeted suppression or eradication.'' <s>although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.</s>

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain ''was completed in 2013.''
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-10T20:50:26Z

ATaylor: /* Fish Passage Barriers */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'', the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Coal Creek, Resort Creek, Rocky Run Creek, and Townsend Creek (James 2025). These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin.'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

''During USBR funded Reservoir Fish Passage Monitoring, WDFW conducts fish rescue across the reservoir bed from isolated pools and side channels as reservoir levels decline during the summer. All fish species are rescued and returned to the nearest area of the creek that provides the highest chance of fish survival. Most fish rescue is conducted during daytime and using dipnets only. Electrofishing may be used as a last resort for fish rescue if a blind or isolated channel is at risk for complete dewatering.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. <s>It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed.</s> ''Groundwater monitoring from June 3rd to October 13th, 2013, showed gaps in data where the water elevation dropped to below the groundwater monitoring wells, which were installed 10 feet below the surface. This indicates that the stream is deeper below the bed surface than previously thought (Abbe and Trotter 2013).'' The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends ~1.65 miles across the exposed reservoir, depending on the channel configuration (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. Other issues like recreational rock dams, and vehicles driving through the stream occurs after drawdown. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise by using small scale fish passage features that are constructed and maintained by hand. Dozens of features may be removed, modified, or built each year to maintain and improve fish passage across the reservoir bed. If stream conditions deteriorate and water depths are not sufficient for fish passage, a temporary fish passage flume may be built to facilitate fish passage. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness.''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019, and in the pond outlet channel since 2023. WDFW Water Science Team has monitored temperature at the USFS Frontage Road bridge since 2022, and at the USFWS UGC PIT antenna site since 2024, and in the Gold Creek outlet channel starting in 2025. Finally, the Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

''A [https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gold-Creek-2023-2025-Temperature-visuals.pdf longitudinal analysis of temperature data] was done for 2023-2025. It showed that maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), a measure of the highest 7-day average of daily maximum stream temperatures, ranges from 13-18 °C from upstream to downstream sites. The mean August temperatures are lower, between 11 - 16 °C. It appears that Gold Creek upstream of the dewatering zone (RM 2.5 +) remains suitable for bull trout spawning and rearing, while downstream reaches during the warmest parts are less suitable for rearing but probably suitable for migration.''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

''Passage barriers (culverts and bridges) along the I-90 corridor tributaries (Rocky Run, Resort, and Townsend creeks) were replaced between 2013 and 2016.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, since 2019, the USFWS has collected 54 entrained Gold Creek-origin fish below Keechelus Dam from September-November. A higher number (n=6) of these fish have been La Salle Rescue and Rear fish in recent years. A single Gold Creek-origin fish was also collected below Kachess Dam, apparently migrating downstream to Easton Reservoir and up the lower Kachess River. Overall, more entrained bull trout have been collected below Keechelus Dam in drought years suggesting a relation between pool elevation, discharge, and entrainment. PIT-tag detections downstream of the dam suggest most fish entrain when Keechelus Reservoir elevation drops below 2,460 ft (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''From July 2024 through December 2025, USFWS tagged 63 bull trout and used acoustic telemetry from an acoustic array in Keechelus Reservoir and PIT tag detections from a PIT antenna below Keechelus Dam to evaluate entrainment at Keechelus Dam. Data collection and analysis is ongoing, but thus far, 10 of the fish entrained resulting in an entrainment rate of about 25% annually with most entrainment occurring during July and August. The preliminary analysis indicated that overall, seasonality (day-of-year) explained more deviance than pool elevation and discharge. Entrainment timing coincided with both peak irrigation releases and pre-spawn movements toward Gold Creek, making it difficult to separate the effects of Keechelus Dam discharge and reservoir pool elevation from seasonal behavioral movements (Connor Cunningham, USFWS,'' ''in prep).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: _______________________''

''A 2000 study to evaluate the effect of Keechelus Reservoir drawdown on groundwater levels in the lower Gold Creek basin found that the water levels of the pond, and nearby groundwater levels did not drop in relation to drawdown of the reservoir (Didricksen 2001). Thus, the only dewatering issues due to flow management are probably within the inundation zone where sediment delivered by Gold Creek can rapidly drop out at the pool interface. As the pool is drafted down, the creek carves different pathways through the sediment each year resulting in shallow and heavily braided channels that would limit fish passage if there was not monitoring and intervention by WDFW fish passage team.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site (Figure X).The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering. The second generation regrowth along the banks cannot withstand Gold Creek’s high velocities and erosion continues to degrade the riparian forest.''

''The current concern with forestry is the monoculture secondary regrowth that has not been managed for fire risk. There is a high risk of a severe wildfire in the watershed.'' (Suggestion to look at USFS land management maps and determine what is protected Owl habitat vs slated for harvest... anyone know where to access these maps?)

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is a popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''There is currently a 10-year seasonal (summer) closure in place at Gold Creek to protect public safety during the restoration project. The area will be open to winter recreation when safety can be maintained. The I-90 wildlife corridor is legally closed to recreation''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat has been drastically reduced by the installation of a locked gate at the Keechelus Recreation area. The gate was installed in 2023 and is locked when the reservoir pool elevation is 2,480 ft and below. ORV can still access the reservoir bed from portions of the Palouse to Cascades Trail and from other border areas around the reservoir. There are still tire tracks found crossing Gold Creek almost weekly, but USFS has plans to install additional barriers to further reduce vehicle access to the reservoir bed while also making the reservoir bed closure permanent.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''

''A large number of seasonal-use private cabins are present on the east side (Ski Tur community) of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. There are still vacant lots that could be purchased and developed.'' ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development (Starwater) in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the development. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns. Development of Starwater and other property will reduce the ability to deal with the issues related to Starwater drain (See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] above for more details on the drain). Additionally, some cabin owners with property adjacent to Gold Creek are placing rock to armor the banks.''

''Private properties to the west of the creek have also been proposed for large developments, but that has been limited, again by the lack of domestic water supply. Expansion of water utilities may facilitate future development.''

''Monitoring of water quality has not occurred, but water quality issues are a concern.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as groundwater flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured in most years during fish rescue efforts (0 - 6) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. However, one brook trout was observed upstream of the dewatering near RM 3 during a USFWS snorkel survey in 2024. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date in either the Kachess or Keechelus watersheds based on ongoing assessments of fish collected through the trap and haul and La Salle Rescue and Rear programs (Beebe et al. 2025b).''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. WDFW stocks an average of 250,000 kokanee annually in Keechelus, which supplements prey for bull trout. Other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data). For example, the 2025 fish rescue season at Gold Creek resulted in the capture of 958 individual fish that were not bull trout.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition, and reducing or eliminating the effects of Starwater drain will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperature in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–18 °C during summer. These data include the pond outlet channel, which is known to deliver warmer water relative to the mainstem creek. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek. Something to note is that the NorWeST temperature model was built on data from several years with cooler temperatures, so it may be biased to lower "current" conditions than the long term average.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''Little is known about the effects of Angling to the Gold Creek population of bull trout. Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there are very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus Reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

==== ''Climate Change'' ====
''Climate projections indicate that watersheds in the Pacific Northwest will experience significant hydrologic changes as temperatures warm. Warmer winters are expected to increase the intensity of winter storm events and shift precipitation from snow to rain, resulting in higher winter peak flows and reduced snowpack storage. These changes will reduce spring and summer baseflows and lengthen low-flow periods (Mantua et al. 2009). Transition watersheds, which receive both rain and snowmelt runoff, are particularly vulnerable to these changes. Gold Creek is classified as a transition watershed and is already experiencing these climate-driven hydrologic shifts, which directly affect the quantity, timing, and temperature of water available for fish habitat.''
''Regional streamflow projections indicate increasing peak flows and declining summer low flows across the Yakima Basin (Yoder et.al, 2022). In the Gold Creek watershed, peak flows are projected to increase by 23% while summer low flows may decline by as much as 38% between 2020 and 2049 compared to the 1980–2009 baseline (University of Washington Climate Impacts Group 2023, RCP 8.5 scenario). Increased winter flooding may scour redds and reduce egg-to-fry survival if adequate refugia are not available (Mantua et al. 2009).''
''Climate change is also expected to increase stream temperatures in the watershed. Bull trout require cold water, with a critical temperature threshold of approximately 15°C. Rising air temperatures may push stream temperatures into the stressful range for salmonids (17–21°C) by 2040 and potentially into lethal ranges (21–24°C) by 2080. In Gold Creek, this risk is amplified by the existing gravel borrow pit, which warms groundwater before it returns to the stream. Without restoration, the combined effects of warming temperatures, reduced snowpack, and seasonal dewatering could significantly degrade habitat for multiple life stages of Bull trout and other aquatic species.''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is to complete the ''Gold Creek Valley restoration project, slated to begin in 2026 and continue for up to 10 years.'' <s>is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project</s> <s>The project connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds.</s> ''The rescue and rear program should continue to support increased population abundance while habitat is being restored.'' Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of ''further'' supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development, and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. <s>There have been documented hybrids in the system, and</s> Introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored. ''A study on the current distribution of brook trout in the watershed would help prioritize areas for targeted suppression or eradication.'' <s>although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.</s>

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain ''was completed in 2013.''
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-10T20:46:31Z

ATaylor: /* Overview */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'', the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Coal Creek, Resort Creek, Rocky Run Creek, and Townsend Creek (James 2025). These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin.'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

''During USBR funded Reservoir Fish Passage Monitoring, WDFW conducts fish rescue across the reservoir bed from isolated pools and side channels as reservoir levels decline during the summer. All fish species are rescued and returned to the nearest area of the creek that provides the highest chance of fish survival. Most fish rescue is conducted during daytime and using dipnets only. Electrofishing may be used as a last resort for fish rescue if a blind or isolated channel is at risk for complete dewatering.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. <s>It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed.</s> ''Groundwater monitoring from June 3rd to October 13th, 2013, showed gaps in data where the water elevation dropped to below the groundwater monitoring wells, which were installed 10 feet below the surface. This indicates that the stream is deeper below the bed surface than previously thought (Abbe and Trotter 2013).'' The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends ~1.65 miles across the exposed reservoir, depending on the channel configuration (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. Other issues like recreational rock dams, and vehicles driving through the stream occurs after drawdown. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise by using small scale fish passage features that are constructed and maintained by hand. Dozens of features may be removed, modified, or built each year to maintain and improve fish passage across the reservoir bed. If stream conditions deteriorate and water depths are not sufficient for fish passage, a temporary fish passage flume may be built to facilitate fish passage. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness.''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019, and in the pond outlet channel since 2023. WDFW Water Science Team has monitored temperature at the USFS Frontage Road bridge since 2022, and at the USFWS UGC PIT antenna site since 2024, and in the Gold Creek outlet channel starting in 2025. Finally, the Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

''A [https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gold-Creek-2023-2025-Temperature-visuals.pdf longitudinal analysis of temperature data] was done for 2023-2025. It showed that maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), a measure of the highest 7-day average of daily maximum stream temperatures, ranges from 13-18 °C from upstream to downstream sites. The mean August temperatures are lower, between 11 - 16 °C. It appears that Gold Creek upstream of the dewatering zone (RM 2.5 +) remains suitable for bull trout spawning and rearing, while downstream reaches during the warmest parts are less suitable for rearing but probably suitable for migration.''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

FMO PASSAGE BARRIER STATUS - Scott Downes working on this

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, since 2019, the USFWS has collected 54 entrained Gold Creek-origin fish below Keechelus Dam from September-November. A higher number (n=6) of these fish have been La Salle Rescue and Rear fish in recent years. A single Gold Creek-origin fish was also collected below Kachess Dam, apparently migrating downstream to Easton Reservoir and up the lower Kachess River. Overall, more entrained bull trout have been collected below Keechelus Dam in drought years suggesting a relation between pool elevation, discharge, and entrainment. PIT-tag detections downstream of the dam suggest most fish entrain when Keechelus Reservoir elevation drops below 2,460 ft (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''From July 2024 through December 2025, USFWS tagged 63 bull trout and used acoustic telemetry from an acoustic array in Keechelus Reservoir and PIT tag detections from a PIT antenna below Keechelus Dam to evaluate entrainment at Keechelus Dam. Data collection and analysis is ongoing, but thus far, 10 of the fish entrained resulting in an entrainment rate of about 25% annually with most entrainment occurring during July and August. The preliminary analysis indicated that overall, seasonality (day-of-year) explained more deviance than pool elevation and discharge. Entrainment timing coincided with both peak irrigation releases and pre-spawn movements toward Gold Creek, making it difficult to separate the effects of Keechelus Dam discharge and reservoir pool elevation from seasonal behavioral movements (Connor Cunningham, USFWS,'' ''in prep).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: _______________________''

''A 2000 study to evaluate the effect of Keechelus Reservoir drawdown on groundwater levels in the lower Gold Creek basin found that the water levels of the pond, and nearby groundwater levels did not drop in relation to drawdown of the reservoir (Didricksen 2001). Thus, the only dewatering issues due to flow management are probably within the inundation zone where sediment delivered by Gold Creek can rapidly drop out at the pool interface. As the pool is drafted down, the creek carves different pathways through the sediment each year resulting in shallow and heavily braided channels that would limit fish passage if there was not monitoring and intervention by WDFW fish passage team.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site (Figure X).The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering. The second generation regrowth along the banks cannot withstand Gold Creek’s high velocities and erosion continues to degrade the riparian forest.''

''The current concern with forestry is the monoculture secondary regrowth that has not been managed for fire risk. There is a high risk of a severe wildfire in the watershed.'' (Suggestion to look at USFS land management maps and determine what is protected Owl habitat vs slated for harvest... anyone know where to access these maps?)

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is a popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''There is currently a 10-year seasonal (summer) closure in place at Gold Creek to protect public safety during the restoration project. The area will be open to winter recreation when safety can be maintained. The I-90 wildlife corridor is legally closed to recreation''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat has been drastically reduced by the installation of a locked gate at the Keechelus Recreation area. The gate was installed in 2023 and is locked when the reservoir pool elevation is 2,480 ft and below. ORV can still access the reservoir bed from portions of the Palouse to Cascades Trail and from other border areas around the reservoir. There are still tire tracks found crossing Gold Creek almost weekly, but USFS has plans to install additional barriers to further reduce vehicle access to the reservoir bed while also making the reservoir bed closure permanent.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''

''A large number of seasonal-use private cabins are present on the east side (Ski Tur community) of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. There are still vacant lots that could be purchased and developed.'' ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development (Starwater) in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the development. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns. Development of Starwater and other property will reduce the ability to deal with the issues related to Starwater drain (See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] above for more details on the drain). Additionally, some cabin owners with property adjacent to Gold Creek are placing rock to armor the banks.''

''Private properties to the west of the creek have also been proposed for large developments, but that has been limited, again by the lack of domestic water supply. Expansion of water utilities may facilitate future development.''

''Monitoring of water quality has not occurred, but water quality issues are a concern.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as groundwater flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured in most years during fish rescue efforts (0 - 6) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. However, one brook trout was observed upstream of the dewatering near RM 3 during a USFWS snorkel survey in 2024. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date in either the Kachess or Keechelus watersheds based on ongoing assessments of fish collected through the trap and haul and La Salle Rescue and Rear programs (Beebe et al. 2025b).''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. WDFW stocks an average of 250,000 kokanee annually in Keechelus, which supplements prey for bull trout. Other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data). For example, the 2025 fish rescue season at Gold Creek resulted in the capture of 958 individual fish that were not bull trout.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition, and reducing or eliminating the effects of Starwater drain will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperature in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–18 °C during summer. These data include the pond outlet channel, which is known to deliver warmer water relative to the mainstem creek. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek. Something to note is that the NorWeST temperature model was built on data from several years with cooler temperatures, so it may be biased to lower "current" conditions than the long term average.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''Little is known about the effects of Angling to the Gold Creek population of bull trout. Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there are very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus Reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

==== ''Climate Change'' ====
''Climate projections indicate that watersheds in the Pacific Northwest will experience significant hydrologic changes as temperatures warm. Warmer winters are expected to increase the intensity of winter storm events and shift precipitation from snow to rain, resulting in higher winter peak flows and reduced snowpack storage. These changes will reduce spring and summer baseflows and lengthen low-flow periods (Mantua et al. 2009). Transition watersheds, which receive both rain and snowmelt runoff, are particularly vulnerable to these changes. Gold Creek is classified as a transition watershed and is already experiencing these climate-driven hydrologic shifts, which directly affect the quantity, timing, and temperature of water available for fish habitat.''
''Regional streamflow projections indicate increasing peak flows and declining summer low flows across the Yakima Basin (Yoder et.al, 2022). In the Gold Creek watershed, peak flows are projected to increase by 23% while summer low flows may decline by as much as 38% between 2020 and 2049 compared to the 1980–2009 baseline (University of Washington Climate Impacts Group 2023, RCP 8.5 scenario). Increased winter flooding may scour redds and reduce egg-to-fry survival if adequate refugia are not available (Mantua et al. 2009).''
''Climate change is also expected to increase stream temperatures in the watershed. Bull trout require cold water, with a critical temperature threshold of approximately 15°C. Rising air temperatures may push stream temperatures into the stressful range for salmonids (17–21°C) by 2040 and potentially into lethal ranges (21–24°C) by 2080. In Gold Creek, this risk is amplified by the existing gravel borrow pit, which warms groundwater before it returns to the stream. Without restoration, the combined effects of warming temperatures, reduced snowpack, and seasonal dewatering could significantly degrade habitat for multiple life stages of Bull trout and other aquatic species.''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is to complete the ''Gold Creek Valley restoration project, slated to begin in 2026 and continue for up to 10 years.'' <s>is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project</s> <s>The project connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds.</s> ''The rescue and rear program should continue to support increased population abundance while habitat is being restored.'' Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of ''further'' supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development, and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. <s>There have been documented hybrids in the system, and</s> Introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored. ''A study on the current distribution of brook trout in the watershed would help prioritize areas for targeted suppression or eradication.'' <s>although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.</s>

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
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== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain ''was completed in 2013.''
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-10T20:43:52Z

ATaylor: /* WDFW Fish Rescue */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Coal Creek, Resort Creek, Rocky Run Creek, and Townsend Creek (James 2025). These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin.'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

''During USBR funded Reservoir Fish Passage Monitoring, WDFW conducts fish rescue across the reservoir bed from isolated pools and side channels as reservoir levels decline during the summer. All fish species are rescued and returned to the nearest area of the creek that provides the highest chance of fish survival. Most fish rescue is conducted during daytime and using dipnets only. Electrofishing may be used as a last resort for fish rescue if a blind or isolated channel is at risk for complete dewatering.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. <s>It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed.</s> ''Groundwater monitoring from June 3rd to October 13th, 2013, showed gaps in data where the water elevation dropped to below the groundwater monitoring wells, which were installed 10 feet below the surface. This indicates that the stream is deeper below the bed surface than previously thought (Abbe and Trotter 2013).'' The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends ~1.65 miles across the exposed reservoir, depending on the channel configuration (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. Other issues like recreational rock dams, and vehicles driving through the stream occurs after drawdown. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise by using small scale fish passage features that are constructed and maintained by hand. Dozens of features may be removed, modified, or built each year to maintain and improve fish passage across the reservoir bed. If stream conditions deteriorate and water depths are not sufficient for fish passage, a temporary fish passage flume may be built to facilitate fish passage. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness.''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019, and in the pond outlet channel since 2023. WDFW Water Science Team has monitored temperature at the USFS Frontage Road bridge since 2022, and at the USFWS UGC PIT antenna site since 2024, and in the Gold Creek outlet channel starting in 2025. Finally, the Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

''A [https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gold-Creek-2023-2025-Temperature-visuals.pdf longitudinal analysis of temperature data] was done for 2023-2025. It showed that maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), a measure of the highest 7-day average of daily maximum stream temperatures, ranges from 13-18 °C from upstream to downstream sites. The mean August temperatures are lower, between 11 - 16 °C. It appears that Gold Creek upstream of the dewatering zone (RM 2.5 +) remain suitable for bull trout spawning and rearing, while downstream reaches during the warmest parts are less suitable for rearing but probably suitable for migration.''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

FMO PASSAGE BARRIER STATUS - Scott Downes working on this

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, since 2019, the USFWS has collected 54 entrained Gold Creek-origin fish below Keechelus Dam from September-November. A higher number (n=6) of these fish have been La Salle Rescue and Rear fish in recent years. A single Gold Creek-origin fish was also collected below Kachess Dam, apparently migrating downstream to Easton Reservoir and up the lower Kachess River. Overall, more entrained bull trout have been collected below Keechelus Dam in drought years suggesting a relation between pool elevation, discharge, and entrainment. PIT-tag detections downstream of the dam suggest most fish entrain when Keechelus Reservoir elevation drops below 2,460 ft (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''From July 2024 through December 2025, USFWS tagged 63 bull trout and used acoustic telemetry from an acoustic array in Keechelus Reservoir and PIT tag detections from a PIT antenna below Keechelus Dam to evaluate entrainment at Keechelus Dam. Data collection and analysis is ongoing, but thus far, 10 of the fish entrained resulting in an entrainment rate of about 25% annually with most entrainment occurring during July and August. The preliminary analysis indicated that overall, seasonality (day-of-year) explained more deviance than pool elevation and discharge. Entrainment timing coincided with both peak irrigation releases and pre-spawn movements toward Gold Creek, making it difficult to separate the effects of Keechelus Dam discharge and reservoir pool elevation from seasonal behavioral movements (Connor Cunningham, USFWS,'' ''in prep).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: _______________________''

''A 2000 study to evaluate the effect of Keechelus Reservoir drawdown on groundwater levels in the lower Gold Creek basin found that the water levels of the pond, and nearby groundwater levels did not drop in relation to drawdown of the reservoir (Didricksen 2001). Thus, the only dewatering issues due to flow management are probably within the inundation zone where sediment delivered by Gold Creek can rapidly drop out at the pool interface. As the pool is drafted down, the creek carves different pathways through the sediment each year resulting in shallow and heavily braided channels that would limit fish passage if there was not monitoring and intervention by WDFW fish passage team.''

''According to the K-to-K 2016 DEIS No Action alternative: "When Keechelus Reservoir level falls below elevation 2,466, tributary access for bull trout would be adversely impacted for approximately 115 days in 81 percent of years. This would be a significant impact to fish passage."''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site (Figure X).The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering. The second generation regrowth along the banks cannot withstand Gold Creek’s high velocities and erosion continues to degrade the riparian forest.''

''The current concern with forestry is the monoculture secondary regrowth that has not been managed for fire risk. There is a high risk of a severe wildfire in the watershed.'' (Suggestion to look at USFS land management maps and determine what is protected Owl habitat vs slated for harvest... anyone know where to access these maps?)

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is a popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''There is currently a 10-year seasonal (summer) closure in place at Gold Creek to protect public safety during the restoration project. The area will be open to winter recreation when safety can be maintained. The I-90 wildlife corridor is legally closed to recreation''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat has been drastically reduced by the installation of a locked gate at the Keechelus Recreation area. The gate was installed in 2023 and is locked when the reservoir pool elevation is 2,480 ft and below. ORV can still access the reservoir bed from portions of the Palouse to Cascades Trail and from other border areas around the reservoir. There are still tire tracks found crossing Gold Creek almost weekly, but USFS has plans to install additional barriers to further reduce vehicle access to the reservoir bed while also making the reservoir bed closure permanent.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''

''A large number of seasonal-use private cabins are present on the east side (Ski Tur community) of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. There are still vacant lots that could be purchased and developed.'' ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development (Starwater) in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the development. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns. Development of Starwater and other property will reduce the ability to deal with the issues related to Starwater drain (See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] above for more details on the drain). Additionally, some cabin owners with property adjacent to Gold Creek are placing rock to armor the banks.''

''Private properties to the west of the creek have also been proposed for large developments, but that has been limited, again by the lack of domestic water supply. Expansion of water utilities may facilitate future development.''

''Monitoring of water quality has not occurred, but water quality issues are a concern.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as groundwater flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured in most years during fish rescue efforts (0 - 6) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. However, one brook trout was observed upstream of the dewatering near RM 3 during a USFWS snorkel survey in 2024. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date in either the Kachess or Keechelus watersheds based on ongoing assessments of fish collected through the trap and haul and La Salle Rescue and Rear programs (Beebe et al. 2025b).''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. WDFW stocks an average of 250,000 kokanee annually in Keechelus, which supplements prey for bull trout. Other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data). For example, the 2025 fish rescue season at Gold Creek resulted in the capture of 958 individual fish that were not bull trout.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition, and reducing or eliminating the effects of Starwater drain will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperature in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–18 °C during summer. These data include the pond outlet channel, which is known to deliver warmer water relative to the mainstem creek. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek. Something to note is that the NorWeST temperature model was built on data from several years with cooler temperatures, so it may be biased to lower "current" conditions than the long term average.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''Little is known about the effects of Angling to the Gold Creek population of bull trout. Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there are very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus Reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

==== ''Climate Change'' ====
''Climate projections indicate that watersheds in the Pacific Northwest will experience significant hydrologic changes as temperatures warm. Warmer winters are expected to increase the intensity of winter storm events and shift precipitation from snow to rain, resulting in higher winter peak flows and reduced snowpack storage. These changes will reduce spring and summer baseflows and lengthen low-flow periods (Mantua et al. 2009). Transition watersheds, which receive both rain and snowmelt runoff, are particularly vulnerable to these changes. Gold Creek is classified as a transition watershed and is already experiencing these climate-driven hydrologic shifts, which directly affect the quantity, timing, and temperature of water available for fish habitat.''
''Regional streamflow projections indicate increasing peak flows and declining summer low flows across the Yakima Basin (Yoder et.al, 2022). In the Gold Creek watershed, peak flows are projected to increase by 23% while summer low flows may decline by as much as 38% between 2020 and 2049 compared to the 1980–2009 baseline (University of Washington Climate Impacts Group 2023, RCP 8.5 scenario). Increased winter flooding may scour redds and reduce egg-to-fry survival if adequate refugia are not available (Mantua et al. 2009).''
''Climate change is also expected to increase stream temperatures in the watershed. Bull trout require cold water, with a critical temperature threshold of approximately 15°C. Rising air temperatures may push stream temperatures into the stressful range for salmonids (17–21°C) by 2040 and potentially into lethal ranges (21–24°C) by 2080. In Gold Creek, this risk is amplified by the existing gravel borrow pit, which warms groundwater before it returns to the stream. Without restoration, the combined effects of warming temperatures, reduced snowpack, and seasonal dewatering could significantly degrade habitat for multiple life stages of Bull trout and other aquatic species.''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is to complete the ''Gold Creek Valley restoration project, slated to begin in 2026 and continue for up to 10 years.'' <s>is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project</s> <s>The project connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds.</s> ''The rescue and rear program should continue to support increased population abundance while habitat is being restored.'' Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of ''further'' supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development, and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. <s>There have been documented hybrids in the system, and</s> Introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored. ''A study on the current distribution of brook trout in the watershed would help prioritize areas for targeted suppression or eradication.'' <s>although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.</s>

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain ''was completed in 2013.''
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-03T19:55:38Z

ATaylor:

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends 1.76 miles across the exposed reservoir (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness. SCOTT - ANYTHING TO ADD HERE?''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019, and in the pond outlet channel since 2023. WDFW Water Science Team has monitored temperature at the USFS Frontage Road bridge since 2022, and at the USFWS UGC PIT antenna site since 2024, and in the Gold Creek outlet channel starting in 2025. Finally, the Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

''A [https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gold-Creek-2023-2025-Temperature-visuals.pdf longitudinal analysis of temperature data] was done for 2023-2025. It showed that maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), a measure of the highest 7-day average of daily maximum stream temperatures, ranges from 13-18 °C from upstream to downstream sites. The mean August temperatures are lower, between 11 - 16 °C. It appears that Gold Creek upstream of the dewatering zone (RM 2.5 +) remain suitable for bull trout spawning and rearing, while downstream reaches during the warmest parts are less suitable for rearing but probably suitable for migration.''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

FMO PASSAGE BARRIER STATUS - Scott Downes working on this

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, since 2019, the USFWS has collected 54 entrained Gold Creek-origin fish below Keechelus Dam from September-November. A higher number (n=6) of these fish have been La Salle Rescue and Rear fish in recent years. A single Gold Creek-origin fish was also collected below Kachess Dam, apparently migrating downstream to Easton Reservoir and up the lower Kachess River. Overall, more entrained bull trout have been collected below Keechelus Dam in drought years suggesting a relation between pool elevation, discharge, and entrainment. PIT-tag detections downstream of the dam suggest most fish entrain when Keechelus Reservoir elevation drops below 2,460 ft (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''From July 2024 through December 2025, USFWS tagged 63 bull trout and used acoustic telemetry from an acoustic array in Keechelus Reservoir and PIT tag detections from a PIT antenna below Keechelus Dam to evaluate entrainment at Keechelus Dam. Data collection and analysis is ongoing, but thus far, 10 of the fish entrained resulting in an entrainment rate of about 25% annually with most entrainment occurring during July and August. The preliminary analysis indicated that overall, seasonality (day-of-year) explained more deviance than pool elevation and discharge. Entrainment timing coincided with both peak irrigation releases and pre-spawn movements toward Gold Creek, making it difficult to separate the effects of Keechelus Dam discharge and reservoir pool elevation from seasonal behavioral movements (Connor Cunningham, USFWS,'' ''in prep).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: _______________________''

''A 2000 study to evaluate the effect of Keechelus Reservoir drawdown on groundwater levels in the lower Gold Creek basin found that the water levels of the pond, and nearby groundwater levels did not drop in relation to drawdown of the reservoir (Didricksen 2001). Thus, the only dewatering issues due to flow management are probably within the inundation zone where sediment delivered by Gold Creek can rapidly drop out at the pool interface. As the pool is drafted down, the creek carves different pathways through the sediment each year resulting in shallow and heavily braided channels that would limit fish passage if there was not monitoring and intervention by WDFW fish passage team.''

Josh Rogala is also working on this

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site (Figure X).The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering. The second generation regrowth along the banks cannot withstand Gold Creek’s high velocities and erosion continues to degrade the riparian forest.''

''The current concern with forestry is the monoculture secondary regrowth that has not been managed for fire risk. There is a high risk of a severe wildfire in the watershed.'' (Suggestion to look at USFS land management maps and determine what is protected Owl habitat vs slated for harvest... anyone know where to access these maps?)

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is a popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''There is currently a 10-year seasonal (summer) closure in place at Gold Creek to protect public safety during the restoration project. The area will be open to winter recreation when safety can be maintained. The I-90 wildlife corridor is legally closed to recreation''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023. The gate is locked with the reservoir pool elevation is 2,480 ft and below.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''

''A large number of seasonal-use private cabins are present on the east side (Ski Tur community) of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. There are still vacant lots that could be purchased and developed.'' ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development (Starwater) in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the development. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns. Development of Starwater and other property will reduce the ability to deal with the issues related to Starwater drain (See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] above for more details on the drain). Additionally, some cabin owners with property adjacent to Gold Creek are placing rock to armor the banks.''

''Private properties to the west of the creek have also been proposed for large developments, but that has been limited, again by the lack of domestic water supply. Expansion of water utilities may facilitate future development.''

''Monitoring of water quality has not occurred, but water quality issues are a concern.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as groundwater flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured in most years during fish rescue efforts (0 - 6) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. However, one brook trout was observed upstream of the dewatering near RM 3 during a USFWS snorkel survey in 2024. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date in either the Kachess or Keechelus watersheds based on ongoing assessments of fish collected through the trap and haul and La Salle Rescue and Rear programs (Beebe et al. 2025b).''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. WDFW stocks an average of 250,000 kokanee annually in Keechelus, which supplements prey for bull trout. Other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data). For example, the 2025 fish rescue season at Gold Creek resulted in the capture of 958 individual fish that were not bull trout.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition, and reducing or eliminating the effects of Starwater drain will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperature in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–18 °C during summer. These data include the pond outlet channel, which is known to deliver warmer water relative to the mainstem creek. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek. Something to note is that the NorWeST temperature model was built on data from several years with cooler temperatures, so it may be biased to lower "current" conditions than the long term average.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''Little is known about the effects of Angling to the Gold Creek population of bull trout. Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there are very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus Reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is to complete the ''Gold Creek Valley restoration project, slated to begin in 2026 and continue for up to 10 years.'' <s>is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project</s> <s>The project connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds.</s> ''The rescue and rear program should continue to support increased population abundance while habitat is being restored.'' Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of ''further'' supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development, and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. <s>There have been documented hybrids in the system, and</s> Introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored. ''A study on the current distribution of brook trout in the watershed would help prioritize areas for targeted suppression or eradication.'' <s>although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.</s>

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain ''was completed in 2013.''
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-03T19:52:56Z

ATaylor: /* Planned restoration: */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends 1.76 miles across the exposed reservoir (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness. SCOTT - ANYTHING TO ADD HERE?''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019, and in the pond outlet channel since 2023. WDFW Water Science Team has monitored temperature at the USFS Frontage Road bridge since 2022, and at the USFWS UGC PIT antenna site since 2024, and in the Gold Creek outlet channel starting in 2025. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

''A [https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Gold-Creek-2023-2025-Temperature-visuals.pdf longitudinal analysis of temperature data] was done for 2023-2025. It showed that maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT), a measure of the highest 7-day average of daily maximum stream temperatures, ranges from 13-18 °C from upstream to downstream sites. The mean August temperatures are lower, between 11 - 16 °C. It appears that Gold Creek upstream of the dewatering zone (RM 2.5 +) remain suitable for bull trout spawning and rearing, while downstream reaches during the warmest parts are less suitable for rearing but probably suitable for migration.''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

FMO PASSAGE BARRIER STATUS - Scott Downes working on this

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, since 2019, the USFWS has collected 54 entrained Gold Creek-origin fish below Keechelus Dam from September-November. A higher number (n=6) of these fish have been La Salle Rescue and Rear fish in recent years. A single Gold Creek-origin fish was also collected below Kachess Dam, apparently migrating downstream to Easton Reservoir and up the lower Kachess River. Overall, more entrained bull trout have been collected below Keechelus Dam in drought years suggesting a relation between pool elevation, discharge, and entrainment. PIT-tag detections downstream of the dam suggest most fish entrain when Keechelus Reservoir elevation drops below 2,460 ft (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''From July 2024 through December 2025, USFWS tagged 63 bull trout and used acoustic telemetry from an acoustic array in Keechelus Reservoir and PIT tag detections from a PIT antenna below Keechelus Dam to evaluate entrainment at Keechelus Dam. Data collection and analysis is ongoing, but thus far, 10 of the fish entrained resulting in an entrainment rate of about 25% annually with most entrainment occurring during July and August. The preliminary analysis indicated that overall, seasonality (day-of-year) explained more deviance than pool elevation and discharge. Entrainment timing coincided with both peak irrigation releases and pre-spawn movements toward Gold Creek, making it difficult to separate the effects of Keechelus Dam discharge and reservoir pool elevation from seasonal behavioral movements (Connor Cunningham, USFWS,'' ''in prep).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: _______________________''

''A 2000 study to evaluate the effect of Keechelus Reservoir drawdown on groundwater levels in the lower Gold Creek basin found that the water levels of the pond, and nearby groundwater levels did not drop in relation to drawdown of the reservoir (Didricksen 2001). Thus, the only dewatering issues due to flow management are probably within the inundation zone where sediment delivered by Gold Creek can rapidly drop out at the pool interface. As the pool is drafted down, the creek carves different pathways through the sediment each year resulting in shallow and heavily braided channels that would limit fish passage if there was not monitoring and intervention by WDFW fish passage team.''

Josh Rogala is also working on this

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site (Figure X).The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering. The second generation regrowth along the banks cannot withstand Gold Creek’s high velocities and erosion continues to degrade the riparian forest.''

''The current concern with forestry is the monoculture secondary regrowth that has not been managed for fire risk. There is a high risk of a severe wildfire in the watershed.'' (Suggestion to look at USFS land management maps and determine what is protected Owl habitat vs slated for harvest... anyone know where to access these maps?)

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is a popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''There is currently a 10-year seasonal (summer) closure in place at Gold Creek to protect public safety during the restoration project. The area will be open to winter recreation when safety can be maintained. The I-90 wildlife corridor is legally closed to recreation''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023. The gate is locked with the reservoir pool elevation is 2,480 ft and below.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity: Moderate''

''A large number of seasonal-use private cabins are present on the east side (Ski Tur community) of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. There are still vacant lots that could be purchased and developed.'' ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development (Starwater) in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the development. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns. Development of Starwater and other property will reduce the ability to deal with the issues related to Starwater drain (See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] above for more details on the drain). Additionally, some cabin owners with property adjacent to Gold Creek are placing rock to armor the banks.''

''Private properties to the west of the creek have also been proposed for large developments, but that has been limited, again by the lack of domestic water supply. Expansion of water utilities may facilitate future development.''

''Monitoring of water quality has not occurred, but water quality issues are a concern.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as groundwater flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured in most years during fish rescue efforts (0 - 6) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. However, one brook trout was observed upstream of the dewatering near RM 3 during a USFWS snorkel survey in 2024. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date in either the Kachess or Keechelus watersheds based on ongoing assessments of fish collected through the trap and haul and La Salle Rescue and Rear programs (Beebe et al. 2025b).''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. WDFW stocks an average of 250,000 kokanee annually in Keechelus, which supplements prey for bull trout. Other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data). For example, the 2025 fish rescue season at Gold Creek resulted in the capture of 958 individual fish that were not bull trout.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition, and reducing or eliminating the effects of Starwater drain will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperature in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–18 °C during summer. These data include the pond outlet channel, which is known to deliver warmer water relative to the mainstem creek. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek. Something to note is that the NorWeST temperature model was built on data from several years with cooler temperatures, so it may be biased to lower "current" conditions than the long term average.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''Little is known about the effects of Angling to the Gold Creek population of bull trout. Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there are very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus Reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is to complete the ''Gold Creek Valley restoration project, slated to begin in 2026 and continue for up to 10 years.'' <s>is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project</s> <s>The project connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds.</s> ''The rescue and rear program should continue to support increased population abundance while habitat is being restored.'' Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of ''further'' supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development, and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. <s>There have been documented hybrids in the system, and</s> Introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored. ''A study on the current distribution of brook trout in the watershed would help prioritize areas for targeted suppression or eradication.'' <s>although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.</s>

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain ''was completed in 2013.''
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-03T17:31:18Z

ATaylor: /* Fish Passage Barriers */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends 1.76 miles across the exposed reservoir (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness. SCOTT - ANYTHING TO ADD HERE?''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration: =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About 1.7 miles'' ''of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at around RM 1.6 and extends upstream and downstream from there. The maximum downstream extent is just upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM'' ''0.5), and the maximum upstream extent is just downstream of the upstream PIT tag array (RM 2.21), with flows starting to go fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom.'' ''The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to'' ''groundwater'' ''flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek (RM 4.5+) as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). A field assessment in 2024 showed similar results with 0.25 miles of dewatering (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication).''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage and mortality issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-03T17:24:37Z

ATaylor: /* Restoration Actions */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends 1.76 miles across the exposed reservoir (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness. SCOTT - ANYTHING TO ADD HERE?''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Former land owned by the railroad and private timber companies has been acquired and now the primary landowner in the Gold Creek watershed is the USFS.''

''Approximately 400-ft downstream of the'' ''USFS road 4832 (Frontage Road) bridge, I-90 crosses the Gold Creek Valley. In 2013, the Washington DOT (WSDOT) completed the construction of two 1,000-ft wide I-90 bridges over the Gold Creek floodplain and 120-ft wide wildlife undercrossing bridges. This was a critical part of the FHWA/WSDOT I-90 SPE project, which seeks to address wildlife connectivity needs while improving the capacity and safety of the interstate in this region''

''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends.''

===== Planned restoration: =====
''The Gold Creek Valley Restoration project restores natural streamflow to Gold Creek, improving habitat for ESA listed Bull trout, reducing thermal barriers, and supporting the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right and YBIP’s goal of restoring healthy, harvestable fish populations. Phase 1, to be implemented in 2026, will restore 2.5 miles of instream habitat by installing 141 engineered log jams (ELJs), constructing 5 side channels, planting 20 riparian acres, restoring a small borrow pit, and filling 30% of the larger pit. Phase 2 is dependent on funding and will fill the 22-acre gravel borrow pit to restore groundwater gradients, increase summer baseflows, and eliminate the modeled siphon effect of streamflow loss. Phase 3, also dependent on funding, will restore groundwater aquifers by removing a levee, reconnecting 245 acres of floodplain, constructing 3 side channels, and establishing wetland and forested floodplain habitat.''

''USFS is also seeking construction funds to replace an existing 70' wide bridge across USFS road 4832 and over the Gold Creek floodplain and to construct a new 120-ft wildlife undercrossing and install wildlife exclusion fencing. USFS states that the bridge constrains GC to only 80% of its channel width.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A'' ''little over two miles (FACT CHECK PLEASE) of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, with flows going fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to hyporheic flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). SCOTT - ANYTHING TO SUMMARIZE FROM YOUR SURVEYS?''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-02T18:12:12Z

ATaylor: /* Habitat Overview */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir (FMO Habitat) in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout from the Gold Creek population that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025).''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), ''while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 350 ft. at bank full width (WDFW, unpublished data, 2024).'' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''
[[File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png|alt=A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.|thumb|Figure X. A drone image captured in August, 2025 by Josh Rogala at WDFW shows Gold Creek flowing across the Keechelus Reservoir bed, meandering through many different channels. The creek's origin is the valley in the upper right corner of the photo.]]
Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined ''(Figure X - Drone Pic)''. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends 1.76 miles across the exposed reservoir (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested it had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel (RM 0 - 0.5) . They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Reservoir tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section in Gold Creek has increased in recent years.'' ''Kittitas Conservation Trust'' (''KCT) staff began weekly pedestrian surveys of the restoration reach (RM 0.5 - 3) from July through October in 2024 and 2025, which were both drought years. In 2025, dewatering began 10 days earlier, reached the full extent (1.71 miles) earlier, and lasted 7 days longer than in 2024.''

''In 2025, a more concerted effort was put into understanding the timing and extent of dewatering upstream of RM 4.5 in the wilderness. SCOTT - ANYTHING TO ADD HERE?''

''In preparation for the in-stream restoration at Gold Creek (construction slated for 2026), a modified USFS level 2 habitat inventory was done by Mid-Columbia Fisheries' BTTF in 2024. The survey included RM 0 - 3, which covered the restoration reach, and an upstream reference reach (RM 3 - ~3.5). The BTTF also did a separate monthly "pool survey" in the dewatering zone in the summers of 2023 and 2024. The data from these habitat surveys was delivered to WDFW, USFWS, and KCT and has not been summarized or reported on as of writing this.''

''KCT installed groundwater and surface water monitoring wells in relevant areas to the restoration project in 2013 and 2014. USFWS installed their own groundwater monitoring wells in XXXX? CRAIG / KATY?. They intend to re-install these wells for post-project monitoring. There are also plans to monitor other habitat features post-project.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since 2019. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
FISH RESCUE, REAR, RELEASE

I-90 UNDERPASS COMPLETED WHEN? HOW LONG IS IT? Hard to find this info. (Marc Norman?) ''Construction in 2011, open lanes in 2012. Construction on I-90 Snoqualmie Pass | Flickr''

ADD DETAILS OF PLANNED HABITAT RESTORATION

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A'' ''little over two miles (FACT CHECK PLEASE) of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, with flows going fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to hyporheic flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). SCOTT - ANYTHING TO SUMMARIZE FROM YOUR SURVEYS?''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

File:Screenshot 2026-04-02 104101.png

2026-04-02T17:41:40Z

ATaylor:

Drone shot of Gold Creek

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-02T17:25:24Z

ATaylor: /* Redd Surveys */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

===== Redd Surveys =====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''Between 2009 and 2025, CWU researchers have done yearly sampling in short reaches of tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir in the vicinity of the I-90 corridor. Over this 16 year period, 16 sub-adult (120 -265 mm) bull trout have been captured (James 2025). 11 of these bull trout were captured in Coal Creek, while the rest were captured in Resort Creek (2), Rocky Run Creek (2), and Townsend Creek (1). The researchers noted that these fish were all within about 200 meters of the reservoir and that sampling efforts were limited, suggesting that there are likely many more sub-adult bull trout that are using these tributaries for foraging until they are large enough to feed on kokanee in the reservoir (James 2025)''

''In 2017 an eDNA sample from Townsend Creek returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation. The one recorded bull trout in Townsend Creek, noted above, was captured around the same time the eDNA sample was taken.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. ''The most notable gravel mine site has filled with water and is now called "Gold Creek Pond".'' The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone (RM 2.5 - 4) to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow and adequate temperature.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development, the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering occurs annually in this reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001, ''Abbe and Trotter 2013''). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided. '''An early study estimated stream widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002), while a more recent habitat assessment saw widths closer to 100.''' The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream, strands adult and juveniles present in the reach, ''and makes fish in isolated pools vulnerable to predators.'' Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is an annual event, which typically occurs ''starting in July'' (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002, Babik 2025). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.5 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream ''to RM 2.21, a distance of 1.71 miles''. It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanism for this phenomenon ''has been investigated and determined that'', in addition to legacy land use impacts on the channel, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances, ''such as the Starwater drain'', are contributing factors ''(Abbe and Ericsson 2014).''

''A buried 8-inch drain system dubbed the “Starwater drain” parallels Snowshoe Lane and Gold Creek Road (Natural Systems Design 2025). The drain terminates at a partially buried manhole with the bottom broken, allowing the water to drain into a relict floodplain channel that flows via surface water into Gold Creek Pond. The depressed groundwater levels created by Gold Creek Pond provides much of the hydraulic head needed to make the drain effective. Without the pond, groundwater levels at the downstream end of the drain would be much higher, backwatering the lower end of the drain and decreasing the hydraulic gradient at the northern end of the drain. Thus, the drain magnifies the effect of the pond by accelerating flow through the eastern floodplain, and into the pond (Natural Systems Design 2025).''

Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance across the reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). At minimum pool (6%), Gold Creek extends 1.76 miles across the exposed reservoir (WDFW 2025). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise. One emergency fish passage flume was constructed in 2001.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' <s>monitored the relationship between habitat and bull trout juvenile rearing</s>. ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Lake tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section has increased in recent years.'' ADD DETAILS OF ANNUAL DEWATERING CHECKS: WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE HOW

ADD OTHER SUMMARIES OF NEW WORK:

NEW HABITAT SURVEY

POOL SURVEY

GROUNDWATER MONITORING
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since XXXX. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
FISH RESCUE, REAR, RELEASE

I-90 UNDERPASS COMPLETED WHEN? HOW LONG IS IT? Hard to find this info. (Marc Norman?) ''Construction in 2011, open lanes in 2012. Construction on I-90 Snoqualmie Pass | Flickr''

ADD DETAILS OF PLANNED HABITAT RESTORATION

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A'' ''little over two miles (FACT CHECK PLEASE) of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, with flows going fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to hyporheic flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). SCOTT - ANYTHING TO SUMMARIZE FROM YOUR SURVEYS?''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek Pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-01T22:48:41Z

ATaylor: /* Habitat Overview */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''There have been various observations of bull trout utilizing other tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir. In 2017 a juvenile bull trout was captured in Townsend Creek by CWU researchers, and then an eDNA sample later in the season also returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to the wilderness boundary ''(RM 2.5 - 6.5)'' contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The highest quality habitat, in terms of complexity, is located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone (RM 4 - 6.5). Unfortunately, dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering frequently occurs in the reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided with widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002). The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream and can strand adult and juveniles present in the reach. Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is practically an annual event, which typically occurs in parts of August and September (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.6 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream a variable distance, which has been observed to be as much as two miles (Craig 1997). <-- IS 2 MILES STILL THE MAXIMUM? It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been formally investigated but it is suspected that, in addition to channel condition, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances have occurred on the lower east side of the Gold Creek valley and are contributing factors. <-- any new information, reports to cite?

Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance (0.50-0.75 mile) <-- I think its often longer? across the exposed reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' <s>monitored the relationship between habitat and bull trout juvenile rearing</s>. ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Lake tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section has increased in recent years.'' ADD DETAILS OF ANNUAL DEWATERING CHECKS: WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE HOW

ADD OTHER SUMMARIES OF NEW WORK:

NEW HABITAT SURVEY

POOL SURVEY

GROUNDWATER MONITORING
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since XXXX. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
FISH RESCUE, REAR, RELEASE

I-90 UNDERPASS COMPLETED WHEN? HOW LONG IS IT? Hard to find this info. (Marc Norman?) ''Construction in 2011, open lanes in 2012. Construction on I-90 Snoqualmie Pass | Flickr''

ADD DETAILS OF PLANNED HABITAT RESTORATION

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A'' ''little over two miles (FACT CHECK PLEASE) of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, with flows going fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to hyporheic flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). SCOTT - ANYTHING TO SUMMARIZE FROM YOUR SURVEYS?''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-04-01T22:44:04Z

ATaylor: /* Redd Surveys */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds have been found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds have been found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''There have been various observations of bull trout utilizing other tributaries to Keechelus Reservoir. In 2017 a juvenile bull trout was captured in Townsend Creek by CWU researchers, and then an eDNA sample later in the season also returned positive for bull trout (Parrish 2017). The creek had a barrier culvert removed just prior to the observation.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are not believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of the reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), an inaccessible pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands (''formerly WSDOT'', Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'' ''land'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 through the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''These cabins rely on a domestic water supply that does not meet the definition of municipal water rights and risk an impairment claim when the Yakama Nation’s time immemorial water right is not being met.'' ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community. This community does not have a valid water right from Gold Creek and plans to rely on trucking in water that will be stored in cisterns.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s ''when more than 750,000 cubic yards'' of gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to about the wilderness boundary contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''The best habitat is primarily located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone. Unfortunately, substantial dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering frequently occurs in the reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided with widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002). The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream and can strand adult and juveniles present in the reach. Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is practically an annual event, which typically occurs in parts of August and September (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.6 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream a variable distance, which has been observed to be as much as two miles (Craig 1997). <-- IS 2 MILES STILL THE MAXIMUM? It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been formally investigated but it is suspected that, in addition to channel condition, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances have occurred on the lower east side of the Gold Creek valley and are contributing factors. <-- any new information, reports to cite?

Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance (0.50-0.75 mile) <-- I think its often longer? across the exposed reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' <s>monitored the relationship between habitat and bull trout juvenile rearing</s>. ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Lake tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section has increased in recent years.'' ADD DETAILS OF ANNUAL DEWATERING CHECKS: WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE HOW

ADD OTHER SUMMARIES OF NEW WORK:

NEW HABITAT SURVEY

POOL SURVEY

GROUNDWATER MONITORING
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since XXXX. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
FISH RESCUE, REAR, RELEASE

I-90 UNDERPASS COMPLETED WHEN? HOW LONG IS IT? Hard to find this info. (Marc Norman?) ''Construction in 2011, open lanes in 2012. Construction on I-90 Snoqualmie Pass | Flickr''

ADD DETAILS OF PLANNED HABITAT RESTORATION

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A'' ''little over two miles (FACT CHECK PLEASE) of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, with flows going fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to hyporheic flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). SCOTT - ANYTHING TO SUMMARIZE FROM YOUR SURVEYS?''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-31T20:43:45Z

ATaylor: /* Population Monitoring */

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus ''Reservoir'' <s>Lake</s>, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool, the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to upstream migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus ''Reservoir'', which spawns and rears in Gold Creek. ''Individuals from this population are regularly entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam; see the threat related to entrainment below.''

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus ''Reservoir'' at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness, land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the ''channel dewaters annually between July and October, with the timing and extent largely dependent on snowpack and summer rainfall.'' The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach ''begins just above the outlet of Golf Creek Pond near RM 0.5 and'' has been observed to extend up to around RM 2.2 (Craig 1997, Abbe and Ericcson 2014). ''In recent drought years (2024-2025) dewatering has also been observed in the wilderness area upstream of the USFS trail 1314 creek crossing.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. ''The affected reach did not turn out to be a passage barrier.'' Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus ''Reservoir'' provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure X - MAP). ''Some sub-adult bull trout have also been observed utilizing other tributaries for rearing, including Resort Creek and Rocky Run Creek. These fish are assumed to be of Gold Creek origin. (Paul James, former CWU Professor, personal communication).'' Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on stream flows. ''Early studies on this population showed'' some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; but in years when dewatering occurred, there was a subset of adults that migrated after the stream rewatered with fall rains (James 2002a). ''More recent PIT-tag studies indicate that adults and subadults enter lower Gold Creek starting in June (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b)'''''.''' D''ewatering of river mile (RM) 0.5 - RM 2 is now an annual event and it appears to be disconnecting earlier in the season. While there are still some individuals that migrate to upstream reaches prior to dewatering, the majority of spawners migrate to upstream spawning grounds once fall rains reconnect the creek. Some individuals migrate into downstream reaches of the creek, encounter fish passage issues, and consequently spawn in the reach between the pond outlet channel and the reservoir.''

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg|thumb|''Figure X. A picture of the lower bedrock cascade under a high flow scenario. A redd was found above this feature on this particular survey.'' ]]
''There is a partial fish passage barrier (bedrock cascade) around RM 6.5 (47.45074, -121.34149), and a full passage barrier at RM 6.8 (47.45409, -121.33688) (Figure X).''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel survey conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys, Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student, Scott Craig, investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

''In 1998, the USFS surveyed 725 meters for habitat and fish use (USFS 1998b). The short segments included one downstream of the pond outlet, one in the wilderness along the trail, and one upstream of the trail crossing. They found adult and juvenile trout, including bull trout, in all 3 segments.''

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

''Ahead of the Gold Creek Valley Restoration Project'' ''(See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below) the US Fish and Wildlife Service conducted nighttime snorkeling surveys at randomized locations within and outside of the proposed restoration site from Aug-October, 2024 to document changes in the fish community. During four surveys they observed 231 cutthroat trout, 84 rainbow trout, 64 sculpin, 60 juvenile bull trout,13 mountain whitefish, 2 YOY bull trout, and 2 brook trout. One of the brook trout was observed far upstream in the wilderness area, about 1 km downstream from the US Forest Service trail crossing (Craig Haskell, US Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).''

===== ''WDFW Fish Rescue'' =====
''WDFW and its partners occasionally and opportunistically attempted daytime fish rescue from disconnected pools in Gold Creek through 2018. In 2019 WDFW began leading frequent nighttime fish rescue efforts with the help of bull trout recovery partners'' ''including Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force and Yakama Nation biologists. Rescue efforts typically occurred in the dewatering reach between RM 0.5 - 2.21, though in 2019 and 2025 one opportunistic rescue each year also occurred in the inundation zone. Rescues were typically completed with an electrofisher and dipnets, though some night rescues were completed with dipnets only. From 2019 to 2023 many westslope cutthroat, sculpin species, and bull trout were rescued and returned to perennially flowing water (usually the Gold Creek pond outlet channel). In 2024 and 2025, only 3 bull trout were rescued each year, despite similar rescue efforts. 470 young-of-year and 105 juvenile bull trout have been rescued over the 9 years. Between 2019 and 2023, 75% to 100% of young-of-year rescued were transferred to the Yakama Nation for their bull trout rearing and release program.''

===== ''Yakama Nation Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project (Rescue and Rear Program)'' =====
''In 2019, the Yakama Nation (YN) initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of Gold Creek and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. Since 2019, YN has successfully reared and released a total of 356 YOY Bull Trout from Gold Creek. Using adaptive management, rearing survival has increased annually from 72% to 100%. The number of fish reared and released'' ''back into Keechelus Reservoir varies year to year and has ranged from 34 to 97. Total fish released from the LaSalle Rearing Facility are as follows: 2019: 78, 2020: 63, 2021: 84, 2023: 97, 2024: 34. For the past two years, only three individual bull trout were rescued each year, thus YOY were not available for the rearing program during those years.''

===== ''U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Trap and Haul'' =====
''Starting in 2019, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began trap and haul work below Keechelus Dam as an interim fish passage measure for entrained bull trout. Since that time they have collected 54 Gold Creek-origin fish. In 2024 they also began encountering fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Most have been genetically identified as Gold Creek-origin fish, while some are assumed Gold Creek origin based on their collection in Gold Creek for the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. Four fish apparently entrained through Kachess Dam based on their genetic assignment to Kachess Reservoir populations have also been collected'' ''below Keechelus Dam. The fish are a mix of previously unencountered, recaptured fish indicating multiple entrainments, and fish from the La Salle Rescue and Rear program. PIT-tag monitoring in Gold Creek has indicated that transported fish do enter Gold Creek and presumably spawn despite dewatering in the creek, though the detections of these fish are in successive years, indicating that they generally don’t reach the spawning grounds during the same year they are transported above Keechelus Dam (Beebe et al 2025 a,b).''

''Monitoring of PIT tagged fish in Gold Creek and below Keechelus Dam is ongoing. In lower Gold Creek there is an antenna near the I-90 bridge, an array of two flat plates about 2.5 miles upstream, and a single flat plate antenna in the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. A five antenna array continues to operate just downstream of Keechelus Dam- this data is uploaded routinely to PTAGIS. While the antennas in lower Gold Creek, the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, and the Keechelus Dam outlet channel operate year-round, the upstream antennas in Gold Creek operate seasonally (generally, June-November). Acoustic telemetry in Keechleus Reservoir is ongoing (see Entrainment section) but will likely end in December 2026 because the main source of fish for tagging, the La Salle Rescue and Rear program, has collected few fish from Gold Creek in recent years.''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek redds over time]]
The ''historic'' spawning period for the Gold Creek population began in early September and extended through mid-October. ''However, since 2009, the majority of redds have been observed in October or November.'' Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure X - REDD GRAPH). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the annual dewatering of the channel. ''An analysis of WDFW redd data between 2009 - 2024 showed that in years with good passage, very few redds are found downstream of the pond. Whereas in years with poor passage, most of the redds were found downstream of the pond. Very little spawning occurs in the reach that dewaters between the pond and RM 2 (3 redds in 15 years) (Conley, 2025).''

''Up to five survey passes are completed on Gold Creek during spawning period to capture different migration timings. Most of these surveys are successful, but occasionally low flow conditions change to high flows in a very quick time period, which may hinder surveys or obscure new redds.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004). T''here has never been a clear trend in population abundance but redd counts over the past 6 years (2020-2025) have remained below the 30-year average of 15 redd''s.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), a conservation pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands with some State (former Plum Creek Timber Company, ''and prior to that,'' ''North Pacific Railroad Company'') and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 thru the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. ''There are also plans for new development in the Gold Creek Valley, with a total of 60 circular lots just southwest of the current cabin community. There has been grading, road, and utility work in preparation for the community.'' The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s when gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall ''down'' to about <s>two miles below</s> the wilderness boundary contains ''reaches with'' excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. ''Excellent habitat is primarily located between the barrier waterfall and the 2008 avalanche zone. Unfortunately, substantial dewatering has been observed in this reach during the drought years of 2023-2025. Downstream of the avalanche zone to about the wilderness boundary has a relatively straight channel that lacks complexity and has few suitable spawning gravels, but maintains perennial flow.'' Below this point, several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. ''Adjacent to'' and downstream of the cabin development the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering frequently occurs in the reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided with widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002). The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream and can strand adult and juveniles present in the reach. Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is practically an annual event, which typically occurs in parts of August and September (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.6 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream a variable distance, which has been observed to be as much as two miles (Craig 1997). <-- IS 2 MILES STILL THE MAXIMUM? It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been formally investigated but it is suspected that, in addition to channel condition, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances have occurred on the lower east side of the Gold Creek valley and are contributing factors. <-- any new information, reports to cite?

Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance (0.50-0.75 mile) <-- I think its often longer? across the exposed reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of'' ''Gold Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). As soon as Keechelus Reservoir is drawn down, passage at Gold Creek could be affected. WDFW tracks and fixes issues as they arise.''

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992 (Deichl et al. 2011). ''Goetz (1997) attempted to determine diel behavior of juvenile bull trout and its influence on sampling techniques. Gold Creek was one of the sites in the study in which the author determined that surveys of abundance, distribution, and habitat use of bull trout should include both day and night surveys.'' <s>monitored the relationship between habitat and bull trout juvenile rearing</s>. ''Mongillo and Faulconer (1980) discussed benthic macroinvertebrate densities and suggested fertilization of Keechelus Reservoir for improved fishing opportunities.'' USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001 ''to estimate the anadromous fish runs that could be sustained above Keechelus Dam if passage were restored (Ackerman et al. 2002). The data suggested that only sockeye salmon could be re-established.''

Sediment samples were collected in Gold Creek in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. ''The summary of results focused on "segment 1" where authors suggested had the most problematic habitat. Segment 1 was the reach starting at the Frontage Bridge and going upstream to the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel. They noted a lack of canopy cover, minimal large woody debris, and a wide, unstable channel with active bank erosion. They also noted that the temperature data exceeded water quality standards set by Department of Ecology (16°C) (USFS 1998b).'' In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed (USFS 2004). ''The authors suggested that Gold Creek has a high risk of road-related sediment problems and that the width of the Frontage Road bridge is insufficient.''

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek, noting that dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout. ''His first observation of subsurface conditions was on August 24th, 1996.'' Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Lake tributaries was summarized. ''Monitoring of the dewatering section has increased in recent years.'' ADD DETAILS OF ANNUAL DEWATERING CHECKS: WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE HOW

ADD OTHER SUMMARIES OF NEW WORK:

NEW HABITAT SURVEY

POOL SURVEY

GROUNDWATER MONITORING
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
''USFS (1998b) reports summer temperatures in 3 segments of Gold Creek. Willey (2007) collected temperature data in Gold Creek from 2005-2007. The USFS deployed temperature loggers during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Kittitas Conservation Trust, working with Natural Systems Designs, installed surface water monitoring stations that included temperature in 2013 and 2014, but most of those were dry during peak summer temperatures. USFWS has been monitoring temperature at their PIT antenna sites since XXXX. Finally, Bull Trout Task Force started monitoring temperature in the wilderness near the Gold Creek Trail crossing in 2024. There have been many short term monitoring sites in Gold Creek, but data compilation and long term analysis has not occurred.''

ADD GRAPHS?

==== Restoration Actions ====
FISH RESCUE, REAR, RELEASE

I-90 UNDERPASS COMPLETED WHEN? HOW LONG IS IT? Hard to find this info. (Marc Norman?) ''Construction in 2011, open lanes in 2012. Construction on I-90 Snoqualmie Pass | Flickr''

ADD DETAILS OF PLANNED HABITAT RESTORATION

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A'' ''little over two miles (FACT CHECK PLEASE) of lower Gold Creek dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins upstream of the confluence with the Gold Creek Pond outlet channel, with flows going fully subsurface between mid-July and mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. The issue is exacerbated by the adjacent Gold Creek Pond, which increases the rate of dewatering due to hyporheic flow to a slightly lower elevation. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. See [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above.''

''In recent years (drought), dewatering has been observed in upper Gold Creek as well. The timing and extent is not well documented, but weekly surveys were conducted in 2025 in an attempt to understand the conditions. A survey report from late August 2025 notes "0.15 miles were dewatered completely, and 0.23 miles appeared to be close to dewatering" (Acosta 2025). This survey was after a mid-August rainstorm that actually restored flow to about 0.8 miles of the downstream dewatering area (Babik 2025). SCOTT - ANYTHING TO SUMMARIZE FROM YOUR SURVEYS?''

''In addition to Gold Creek dewatering and causing adult and juvenile passage issues, the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917 blocked upstream fish passage into the reservoir and Gold Creek. The only passage from below the dam is through USFWS' trap and haul program, and only Gold Creek origin fish that were entrained through the dam are transported back over.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''A 2010 study by USBR trapped fish below Keechelus Dam to understand entrainment, but no bull trout were captured (USBR 2010). However, the USFWS began fishing below the dam in the fall in 2019?? --- USFWS PLEASE COMPLETE THE REST OF THIS SECTION''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

DISCUSS

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''
[[File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png|thumb|Figure X. An aerial photo of the lower Gold Creek, before and after logging.]]
''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest'' ''between the 1940s and 1980s (Deichl et al. 2011, Meyer 2002). Logging went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris, bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, increased stream temperature, and to some extent, dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing in the Gold Creek watershed.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Gold Creek pond is popular recreation destination in both summer and winter. There is a large paved parking lot (in the historic Gold Creek floodplain) and paved walking path all the way around Gold Creek Pond. Few people realize that Gold Creek is adjacent to the pond because it is separated by a thick band of riparian vegetation. This limits recreation impacts to lower Gold Creek. The USFS maintains Gold Creek Trail, which begins at the end of USFS Road 146. The trail follows the creek for about 3.5 miles before crossing and going upslope toward Alaska Lake. The trail only has a few places where creek access is very easy. The road, USFS 146, is gated at the bottom near the Gold Creek Pond parking lot to reduce traffic and theft in the Gold Creek community. Walking to the trailhead from the pond adds an extra ~2 miles round-trip and thus limits use of the trail.''

''For many years, the main threat related to recreation was vehicles driving on the Keechelus Reservoir bed and crossing back and forth through Gold Creek. This threat seems to have been remediated by the installation of a locked gate, preventing vehicle access to the area when the water surface elevation is low enough for it to be an issue. The gate was installed in 2023.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

DISCUSS

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''While there are no current mining operations in the Gold Creek watershed, three major mining companies operated in the watershed in the early 1900s (Deichl et al. 2011). Gold, silver, and copper were the most common target minerals. Mine associated development included hundreds of feet of shafts and tunnels, construction of Chilean mills and stamp mills, and an unknown quantity of outbuildings (Deichl et al. 2011). There was one mining claim that remained active in the Gold Creek headwaters until it was abandoned or forfeited in 1992[https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682 (https://thediggings.com/mines/ormc5682]).''

''One of the most impactful mining operations was the mining of gravel from the Gold Creek floodplain to support the construction of I-90 in the 1970s. Pit site PS-S-256, now known as Gold Creek Pond, and other nearby quarries and pits were excavated to provide a haul of 55,255 cubic yards, a haul of nearly 100,000 cubic yards of stockpiled strippings, crushed surfacing top course estimated at 51,800 tons, and ballast totaling ~87,200 tons (Deichl et al. 2011). Even though congress passed NEPA in 1969, there was no mention of NEPA in the design plans for I-90 projects in the 1970s.'' ''The plans did include some environmental elements like the construction of a "pervious dam" from the pond to a spawning channel. They also proposed revegetation of the Gold Creek area (Deichl et al. 2011). This gravel pit is now the primary cause of dewatering of the adjacent Gold Creek, as hyporheic flow draws water from the creek down to the lower-elevation pond.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''Brook Trout have been documented in Gold Creek since the first fish surveys occurred in the late 1990s (Craig 1997, USFS 1998b). The forest service noted that brook trout were only observed in lower Gold Creek in or near beaver-altered habitat. Meyer (2002) described the fish community in Gold Creek and observed 97 individual brook trout, or 16% of the total community observed. A small number of brook trout are captured each year during fish rescue efforts (~4-5) and are opportunistically culled. It is likely that the annual dewatering is helping to limit the upstream expansion of brook trout in the watershed. Warming stream temperatures, increased beaver activity, and future restoration of quality fish habitat might result in increased brook trout abundance. There is no documentation of hybridization with bull trout to date. <--- is this true?''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There are no reports of other invasive species in Gold Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''A 2017 study looked at the food web dynamics in Keechelus Reservoir (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors suggest that prey base available to bull trout in Keechelus Reservoir may be limited by food-web dynamics within the reservoir. Research indicated that the reservoir relies heavily on pelagic production, likely due in part to reservoir drawdown that reduces littoral habitat and associated productivity. Kokanee, an important prey item for bull trout, appear to experience limited growth and feeding opportunities because zooplankton densities, particularly Daphnia, are relatively low and often concentrated in the warm epilimnion during summer stratification. As surface waters warm, kokanee avoid these upper layers and remain deeper in the water column, reducing their access to key zooplankton prey. Additionally, other piscivorous species such as burbot and northern pikeminnow occur in the reservoir and may compete with bull trout for prey fish or consume juvenile fish that could otherwise contribute to the prey base (Hansen et al. 2017). Together, these factors may constrain forage availability for bull trout that migrate from Gold Creek into Keechelus Reservoir to feed.''

''The macroinvertebrate and forage fish base in Gold Creek itself is understudied (ARE THERE ANY MACRO STUDIES TO CITE?). However, data from annual fish rescue operations in Gold Creek show a relatively high density of sculpin and juvenile cutthroat trout when compared to other systems like Kachess River or Deep Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, unpublished data).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have not been any observations of disease in Gold Creek.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''Seasonal dewatering of Gold Creek is probably the most significant threat to this population. The situation has been described above in [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] and the threat relating to [[Gold Creek Bull Trout Population#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish Passage Barriers]]. It is thought that filling and returning Gold Creek Pond to a more natural wetland condition will mediate this threat in areas adjacent to the pond. However, in a changing climate with increased drought, decreased snowpack, and earlier peak runoff, dewatering will likely continue to be a threat to this population, both in the headwaters and downstream.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Moderate''
[[File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png|thumb|Figure X. Gold Creek Mean August Temperatures at four sites (upstream to downstream) from 2023-2025]]
''The NorWeST stream temperature model indicates that climate warming may increase summer stream temperatures throughout the Gold Creek watershed (Isaak et al. 2017). Under the 2040 climate scenario, headwater reaches are projected to remain relatively cool while mid- and lower-basin segments are expected to warm to approximately 14–16 °C during August. By the 2080 scenario, additional warming is projected across the watershed, with lower valley segments potentially exceeding 16 °C and headwater areas approaching 10–12 °C. However, recent temperature monitoring in Gold Creek shows a similar longitudinal pattern to 2040 projections, with mean August temperatures ranging from approximately 10–11 °C in upper reaches to roughly 13–16 °C in downstream valley segments between 2023 and 2025. Maximum weekly maximum temperatures in lower reaches have reached approximately 16–19 °C during summer. These observations indicate that portions of lower Gold Creek are already experiencing temperatures comparable to those projected under mid-century climate scenarios, suggesting that suitable cold-water habitat for bull trout may become increasingly restricted to upper reaches of the creek.''

''Thermal conditions in the watershed also interact with seasonal flow conditions. When lower Gold Creek dewaters during mid-summer, reduced surface flow and isolated pools can warm rapidly, further increasing temperature stress for fish attempting to migrate or rear in downstream portions of the watershed. These combined effects of warming and seasonal dewatering may compound habitat limitations for the Gold Creek bull trout population during critical summer periods.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Angling is unlikely to be a significant threat to this population for a couple of reasons. 1) Gold Creek is closed to fishing year-round and there a very few documented instances of angling in the closed area. 2) Keechelus reservoir is the first to be drafted down for irrigation water lower in the basin. The rapid lowering of water surface elevation usually leaves the boat launch high and dry early in the summer, and it does not become accessible again until late spring the following year. Thus, fishing access is restricted to the banks. 3) As discussed above, public access to the reservoir is now limited during summer due to the gate that was installed to reduce vehicle damage to the creek, so access is on foot. 4) The bull trout population has low abundance and people probably aren't encountering them very often.''

''The Bull Trout Task Force visits the Keechelus Reservoir each summer and has a good relationship with residents of the area. Residents are frequently fishing from shore, but report very few bull trout interactions (1 instance across 6 years of outreach; a sub-adult bull trout was caught and released). Their main target is Kokanee salmon, but also report that their primary catch is pike minnow (Aimee Taylor, MCF, personal communication). Residents are aware of how to identify bull trout, and report that they help with outreach regarding bull trout to non-residents.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Monitoring actions for this population include annual redd surveys, fish rescue from the dewatering zone, captive rearing, and trap and haul of entrained individuals. Biologists will opportunistically measure, weigh, PIT or acoustic tag, and collect genetic tissue samples from Gold Creek bull trout. Management of this population is hopefully increasing survival, not posing a threat.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low abundance''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within lower Gold Creek that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other moderate or high severity threats include: development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, ''potential expansion and introgression with brook trout,'' ''and future temperature conditions''.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. ''Frontage road'' <s>interstate 90</s> crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. ''The threat of angling is unknown, but likely insignificant.'' Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
2012 SUMMARY BELOW

This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* ''Forterra (formerly'' The Cascade Land Conservancy) purchased a total of ''250'' acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek in 2009.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012. <---- UPDATE WITH COMPLETION DATE
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).

Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

==== Gold Creek Actions ====
Gold Action #1: Provide Connectivity at Keechelus Dam

Gold Action #2: Instream and Floodplain Habitat Restoration

Gold Action #3: Restore Groundwater Hydrology

Gold Action #4: Long Term Habitat Protection in the Gold Creek Valley

Gold Action #5: Monitor and Improve Passage Conditions in Gold Creek

Gold Action #6: Replace USFS Road 4832 Bridge Over Gold Creek

Gold Action #7: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Gold Action #8: Implement Passage & Habitat Projects in Keechelus Lake Tribs.

Gold Action #9: Outreach Coordination & Strategic Planning

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

None
== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in March 2026 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and ''Gold Creek Population'' small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-31T20:05:53Z

ATaylor:

Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-26T22:54:03Z

ATaylor: /* Restoration Actions */

== Overview ==
Box Canyon Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Kachess Reservoir from the northwest near its northern end. The reach accessible to migratory fish is about three miles downstream of the wilderness boundary and entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. This reach is relatively short with an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) located at its upstream end approximately 1.5 miles above the reservoir. No significant tributaries enter the creek in the accessible reach. Complete dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has been known to occur in late summer during dry years when streamflow is low and the reservoir level has dropped significantly due to irrigation demands. There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to get fish past the dry section.

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Box Canyon Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from Peekaboo Falls downstream to Kachess Reservoir. Juvenile rearing occurs in the entire 1.5-mile accessible reach. The lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (FIGURE X - MAP). Adult bull trout typically move into Box Canyon Creek in mid-July to mid-August, prior to spawning, and some fish migrate to the large pool directly below Peekaboo Falls. In recent years, however, few adult bull trout have been seen in spot checks at Peekaboo Falls during July and August of 2022-2025 (see population monitoring section below) (Scott Kline, personal communication). Summer demographic surveys showed only 6 adults in 2022 and 1 adult in 2023 staging in the system prior to spawning. Additionally, fewer adults have been seen staging in the pool below "big pool falls" during the first pass redd surveys (Aimee Taylor, BTTF, and Marc Divens, WDFW, personal communication).
[[File:PeekabooFalls.jpg|alt=waterfall|thumb|Figure 1: Two BTTF staff (lower left) stand in front of Peekaboo Falls, the upstream passage barrier for bull trout on Box Canyon Creek.]]

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
There is an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) at 47.37606, -121.2584672 about 1.5 miles upstream of the reservoir (Figure 1). There have been many discussions about the feasibility of introducing bull trout above Peekaboo Falls to increase spawning and rearing habitat. See Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion for more information.

=== Population Genetics ===
Early results of genetic analyses showed the Box Canyon Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003<ref name=":0">Reiss, Yuki. ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin''. 2003, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf</nowiki>. Central Washington University.</ref>; Small et al. 2009<ref name=":1">Small, M. P., et al. ''WDFW Yakima Bull Trout Report. Phase 3: Genetic Analysis of Yakima Basin Bull Trout (Salvelinus Confluentus)''. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2009, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Small_et_al_2009.doc</nowiki>.</ref>). Genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey in 2001 (Reiss 2003<ref name=":0" />; Small et al. 2009<ref name=":1" />). Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Yakima River fluvial system was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912.

From 2019-2021, the USFWS collected five adults of Box Canyon Creek genetic origin, four adults of Kachess River-origin, and two adults with mixed origin probabilities in Box Canyon Creek. An additional Box Canyon Creek origin fish was collected below Keechelus Dam in 2021. One of the Box Canyon Creek-origin fish collected in 2020 was recaptured at Peekaboo Falls in 2021. Two of the fish had mixed origin probabilities: one fish had a 0.90 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.10 probability of Kachess River origin while another had a 0.53 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.47 probability of Kachess River origin. These mixed probabilities suggest genetic introgression considering the absence of barriers between spawning populations and the relatively large number of Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek. An updated baseline assessment with contemporary genetic samples is needed as none have been collected since 2021.

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first known documentation of bull trout inhabiting Kachess Reservoir came in 1941 from creel data collected by WDFW (then known as the Washington Department of Game) between 1937 and 1966. Interestingly, very few bull trout (referred to as Dolly Varden) entered the creel during that time period. In 1982, four bull trout were captured by the agency in gillnets set in the lake (Mongillo 1982<ref name=":2">Mongillo, Paul. ''Cle Elum Lake Fertilization Assessment''. WDFW, 1982, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Mongillo_1982.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>), and that same year the species was observed, apparently for the first time, by snorkelers in Box Canyon Creek. As noted above, spawning surveys were initiated two years later, beginning the period of consistent monitoring of the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population that continues today. In 1994, Plum Creek Timber Company conducted night snorkel surveys, observing cutthroat and bull trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995<ref name=":3">PlumCreek, Timber Co. ''1994 Washington Bull Trout Survey Results''. 1995, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/PlumCreek_1995.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>).

The Forest Service conducted snorkel surveys in Box Canyon Creek in 1991 and 1993, observing relatively small numbers of bull trout. CWU researcher Paul James unsuccessfully attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout near the mouth of the creek in 1999; the next year he observed adults while snorkeling in the summer to determine spawn migration timing (James 2002a<ref>James, P. W. ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University, 2002, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>).

CWU graduate students Yuki Reiss and William Meyer both spent time snorkeling Box Canyon Creek. Reiss captured 31 juvenile bull trout and collected genetic samples in 2001 (Reiss 2003<ref name=":0" />), and Meyer observed both juveniles and adults in 2000 and 2001, ultimately electing not to use these data in his thesis work (William Meyer, WDFW, pers comm).

A 2011 entrainment study found no bull trout directly below Kachess Dam see Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat page for more details on that effort. The USFWS has attempted to collect entrained bull trout below Kachess and Keechelus dams since 2019 but has only collected a single Box Canyon Creek origin bull trout - a 720 mm fish collected at the base of Keechelus Dam (Haskell et al. 2022<ref name=":4">Haskell, Craig, et al. ''Tieton and Upper Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project: 2021 Progress Report''. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mid-Columbia Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 2022, p. 26, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Upper-Yakima-and-Tieton-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2021_Final.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>).

In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 56% of the habitat below Peekaboo Falls and ranging between 40% and 100%. In the first 4 years, we found 67% to 100% of the bull trout fry (yoy) in the lower 0.6 miles of habitat. Fry were disproportionately distributed in the lower reaches of the stream even when the distribution of redds would suggest some should be found in the upper reaches. Also, Box Canyon has some of the lowest densities of fry relative to other similar studies on bull trout. The habitat survey showed that this lower reach habitat is higher gradient with less spawning habitat than the 1 mile of accessible habitat in the upper reach, and that the whole 1.6 miles is deficient in large woody material. This information lead to a hypothesis that Box Canyon has poor recruitment from fry to older age classes because high flows in this stream scour redds and force fry downstream to the reservoir where they do not survive, or if they do hold in this lower reach, have limited rearing habitat because they are blocked from using the upper reach by a juvenile barrier known as Big Pool Falls.

Following a large wood habitat project designed to create velocity refuge for fry and allow them to maintain position throughout the creek during high flows, WDFW continued demographic surveys from 2020 to 2023. WDFW found that the fry distribution shifted to the upper reaches of Box Canyon Creek, making them less susceptible to being flushed out of the creek at high flows and utilizing more of the habitat Box Canyon has to offer. It was also found that more juvenile fish were observed throughout Box Canyon Creek, suggesting juvenile fish also benefitted from the habitat project.

Sporadic checks of bull trout abundance were made by snorkeling the pool below Peekaboo Falls to help understand the timing of upstream migration and what opportunities that location might provide for a source of fish to reintroduce above Peekaboo Falls. Multiple checks of bull trout abundance there were completed in 2000 (W. Meyer), 2020 (USFWS,WDFW), 2021 (USFWS,WDFW), 2022 (WDFW,MCFEG), and 2023 (WDFW,MCFEG). While over a dozen have been observed at once in 2000 and 2004, no more than 7 bull trout have been observed there at one time in the 2020s.

Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (~0.2 km upstream from the mouth depending on pool level) and temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed to allow passage from the reservoir to the creek during periods of low flow. They also maintain antennas in the upper Kachess River (upstream of Kachess Reservoir) near the mouth and 1 km upstream of the reservoir. During low water years an additional temporary antenna is also maintained at Kachess Narrows. An antenna array is maintained directly downstream of Keechelus Dam that has detected bull trout from both Kachess River and Box Canyon Creek populations entrained at Kachess Dam (Beebe et al. 2025<ref name=":5">Beebe, Brittany, et al. ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2024 Progress Report''. Progress. USFWS, MCFWCO, 2025, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Yakima-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2024_Final.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>). A similar antenna is needed below Kachess Dam to better assess the magnitude of entrainment of Kachess populations at Kachess Dam.

PIT-tagged Box Canyon Creek fish come from two sources: 1) adult bull trout collected during trap and haul work that were entrained at Kachess Dam but collected below Keechelus Dam, and 2), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021. Sporadic attempts to collect and tag fish in Box Canyon Creek during other years have been unsuccessful. A relatively large number of Kachess River-origin fish have been detected at PIT-tag monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, but only seven Box Canyon Creek bull trout have been PIT tagged and therefore detections are limited primarily to Kachess River fish. Of the seven Box Canyon Creek origin fish PIT-tagged by USFWS in 2020 and 2021, three were last detected in lower Box Canyon Creek in 2022.

During 2023 and 2024, 25 bull trout were detected at PIT-tag sites in lower Box Canyon Creek, all of which were of Kachess River-origin. Two were detected July 10 and 18, while the rest were detected in October and November. No fish were detected in August and September when mean daily water temperature was about 15 °C. Seven were later detected in the Kachess River and two of the seven returned to Box Canyon Creek a second time. Kachess River fish may enter Box Canyon Creek as early as July with the Kachess River mouth inaccessible until it rewaters in the fall.. Six of the nine fish detected in the flume were later detected at the Box Canyon Creek antenna array indicating that some fish, though not in their natal stream, were successfully navigating the Box Canyon Creek mouth and entering the lower creek via the flume (Beebe et al. 2024<ref name=":6">Beebe, Brittany, et al. ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2022 Progress Report''. Progress. USFWS, MCFWCO, 2024, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Upper-Yakima-and-Tieton-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2022_Final.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>, Beebe et al. 2025a, 2025b<ref name=":5" />).

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Box Canyon Redd Graph Through 2025.png|thumb|Figure 2. Box Canyon Creek Redd Counts 1984 - 2025]]
The spawning period for the Box Canyon Creek population begins in early September and can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from just upstream of Kachess Reservoir to Peekaboo Falls. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure 2). Over the first ten years of surveys, the counts were very low including three years when none were observed. This was probably due in large part to limited adult access to the creek as several years from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s were drought years in the Yakima Basin. The chronic passage problems that occur at the mouth were not yet fully recognized or monitored at that time. The first emergency fish passage flume was constructed on Box Canyon Creek in 2001, to allow passage from the reservoir during periods of low flow. Since that time, passage near the mouth is monitored regularly and a flume is constructed if it is deemed necessary for bull trout passage. Since 1996 the average number of bull trout redds found in Box Canyon Creek has been 9 (this average includes several years where some survey passes were not possible due to high flows). Redd surveyors attempt three passes in Box Canyon Creek, but high flows often thwart survey attempts late in the season.

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
In 2017, as part of a broader eDNA project, Box Canyon Creek was used as a control location for a collection of seven samples (Parrish 2017<ref>Parrish, Connor. ''Upper Yakima Basin Bull Trout eDNA (2017)''. 2017, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/eDNA-2017-Final-Report.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>). Three samples were collected below Peekaboo Falls, and analysis showed results as "positive" for bull trout presence. An additional four samples were collected upstream of Peekaboo Falls at one kilometer intervals, with results showing "negative" for bull trout. Despite several redd surveys in the 1980's and 1990's, extensive snorkel surveys in 2017, and the eDNA samples mentioned above, the only documentation of bull trout above Peekaboo Falls occurred during Plum Creek nighttime snorkel surveys in 1994 (Plum Creek 1995<ref name=":3" />).

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998<ref>USFWS. ''Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Klamath River and Columbia River Distinct Population Segments of Bull Trout''. ''USFWS'', vols. 1018-AB94, 1998, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFWS_1998.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>) considered the Kachess subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation included only the Box Canyon Creek local population, as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River nor was a local population recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004<ref>WDFW. ''WASHINGTON STATE SALMON AND STEELHEAD STOCK INVENTORY: Bull Trout and Dolly Varden''. 2004, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WDFW_2004.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>).

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on Box Canyon Creek range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to 2,540 feet at the barrier waterfall. This reach is entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, with the headwaters originating in Alpine Lakes Wilderness. The current primary land use in the watershed is recreation. Logging has occurred in the past and timber harvest is possible in the future. FS Road 4930 runs parallel and fairly close (<100 yards) to the spawning reach for about two-thirds of its length. In the past, a lengthy section of this road (~600 feet) was a chronic source of sediment in the creek but this section was relocated and stabilized in 2006. Road density in the watershed increases further upstream but these former logging roads are not particularly close to the creek and do not appear to be problematic in terms of sediment contribution. Areas along the riparian corridor of Box Canyon Creek were negatively impacted by past timber harvest; these areas have regrown for the most part. Riparian disturbance also resulted from the presence of numerous dispersed campsites. The Forest Service has re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated many of these areas, however, dispersed site usage has substantially increased since 2020, and more rehabilitation is needed. Campers at dispersed sites trample and/or cut riparian vegetation, and leave trash and human biological waste that likely washes into the creek. Kachess Campground, a large, highly developed campground is located near the mouth of Box Canyon Creek but is not believed to present significant habitat-related issues.

Overall, habitat conditions in Box Canyon Creek are generally considered good, although they do not meet Forest Plan standards in some areas (i.e., LWD and pool depth). Bed and bank stability are good, sediment levels are low, and water temperatures have historically been suitable for bull trout (Haring 2001<ref>Haring, Don. ''Habitat Limiting Factors Yakima River Watershed, Water Resource Inventory Areas 37-39 : Final Report''. Washington State Conservation Commission, Dec. 2001, p. 364, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Haring-2001.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>). The segment of stream accessible to bull trout is relatively high gradient which produces powerful flow events. Due to the confined nature of the stream, there is very little floodplain habitat that acts as velocity refuge. This impacts juvenile rearing capacity, especially below Big Pool Falls and in the "box" section of the canyon. Gravels for spawning are adequate for the current population, and could probably support a higher abundance of spawners, particularly above Big Pool Falls (BPF). Below BPF, wood added to the system in 2019 has created more small pockets of gravel, but no substantial spawning beds. Big Pool Falls is a passage barrier at low flows. From 2015 to 2024, 45% of redds have been created above big pool falls. In the drought years between those years (2015, 19, 22, 23, 24) only 29% of redds were created above big pool falls. In non-drought years in that time period, 63% of redds were created above big pools falls. In 2019, a large wood supplementation project added hundreds of logs into Box Canyon creek (See Restoration Actions section below). Monitoring by WDFW has shown that most of the wood placed in the stream has remained and created additional stable wood jams beyond what was there before. There is more cobble, gravel, and sand in the creek, often associated with these jams (observed during sediment wedge surveys).

A major concern for this population is the dewatering, sheet flows, and shallow braided channels that occur in dry years directly upstream of the creek’s mouth. The time period this occurs coincides with the immigration of pre-spawn bull trout. With the reservoir level significantly lowered from irrigation water withdrawal, the mouth is located on the lakebed. Above this point the creek spreads out over unconsolidated sediments on the bed and can go dry up to several hundred yards upstream. These conditions have been observed in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 and required implementation of remedial passage projects to allow pre-spawn bull trout to enter Box Canyon Creek. In some other years, a flume was considered but ultimately not installed due to rain in the forecast.
=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
Prior to 2017, some level of monitoring was done before or during spawning surveys to determine if there was appropriate passage for pre-spawn adult bull trout to migrate upstream from the reservoir into Box Canyon Creek. Thomas (2007<ref>Thomas, J. ''Kachess Lake Hydrology Analytical Summary''. USFWS, 2007, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Thomas_2007.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>) summarized dates, flows, and reservoir elevations when Box Canyon Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of Box Canyon Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024<ref>Rogala, Josh. “WDFW Bull Trout Passage Monitoring Tasks.” WDFW, 2024, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Bull_Trout_Passage_Monitoring_Tasks.docx</nowiki>.</ref>). Redd surveyors make note of potential fish passage barriers (like Big Pool Falls at low-flow) upstream of the reservoir inundation zone.

Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Box Canyon Creek in 1990. The percent average fine sediment level was found to be 8.2% (Mayo 1998<ref>Mayo, T. “Tina Mayo Document. Probably for Subbasin Planning.” Cle Elum Ranger Dist. USFS, 14 May 1998, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Mayo_1998.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>), which would qualify as “functioning appropriately” (USFWS 1999<ref>USFWS. “A Framework to Assist in Making Endangered Species Act Determinations of Effect for Individual or Grouped Actions at the Bull Trout Subpopulation Watershed Scale.” 1999, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFWS_1999.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>), although these data are from one year only. The Forest Service completed stream surveys on Box Canyon Creek in 1989, 1995, and 2002 (USFS 1989<ref>USFS. ''Box Canyon Creek Stream Survey Final Report 1989''. Cle Elum Ranger District, 1989, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Box-Canyon-1989.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>; 1995<ref>USFS. ''Box Canyon Watershed Analysis''. May 1995, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS-1995-Box-Canyon-Watershed-Analysis.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>; 2002<ref name=":7">USFS. ''Box Canyon Creek Stream Survey Report 2002''. Cle Elum Ranger District, Cle Elum, WA, 2002, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Box-Canyon-2002.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>) using Hankin and Reeves protocol (Hankin and Reeves 1988<ref>Hankin, D., and G. H. Reeves. “Estimating Total Fish Abundance and Total Habitat Area in Small Streams Based on Visual Estimation Methods.” ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', vol. 45, 1988, pp. 834–44.</ref>). In this survey, data were collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature. In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Box Canyon watershed, including an aquatic rating (USFS 2004<ref>USFS. ''Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests Roads Analysis: Upper Yakima Sub-Basin''. Cle Elum Ranger District, 2004, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS_2004.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>). Mongillo (1982<ref name=":2" />) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Kachess Reservoir.

WDFW completed a simplified Hankin and Reeves-style habitat survey in 2016 and 2017 from the mouth to just above the second road crossing (currently closed). See the Peekaboo Falls supplemental page for more details on the results of those surveys. The habitat was deficient in wood and pool density. Sediment wedges were measured throughout the creek below peekaboo falls in 2019 and 2021 to measure conditions before and after the large woody habitat project in 2019. The number of sediment wedges and total volume of sediment wedges increased significantly after the wood project. Detailed Wolman pebble counts were done throughout the creek below Peekaboo Falls in 2019, though no post-restoration counts have been completed. WDFW also completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-August 2016 and two days in mid-September 2016 throughout Box Canyon Creek up to Peekaboo Falls. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level. Though further analysis was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred.
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
There was a long-term monitoring site on Box Canyon Creek and temperature was recorded via a thermograph deployed during the summer low flow period for most years from 1994-2011 (USFS 2011b<ref>USFS. “Summary of Temperature Monitoring Locations on the Naches Ranger District 1989-2011.” USFS, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Naches Ranger District, 2011, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS_2011a.xlsx</nowiki>.</ref>). USFWS, WDFW, and the Bull Trout Task Force reimplemented temperature monitoring starting in 2016. Monitoring sites include Peekaboo Falls (WDFW 2019-2021, BTTF 2024-2025), 5m falls above the first road crossing (2020-present) and down low near Kachess Campground (2016 - Present).

Mean daily water temperature as measured by the USFWS at the PIT antenna array in lower Box Canyon Creek ranges from 0 - 14.7 °C with a maximum of about 15 °C (Beebe et al. 2025<ref name=":5" />). See current and modeled future temperature conditions section below for graphs and more discussion.
==== Restoration Actions ====
In August of 2019, partners worked to install 411 large wood pieces with and without root wads in Box Canyon Creek in 22 locations to create 22 log jams. Eleven log jams were installed below Big Pool Falls and 11 log jams were installed upstream of Big Pool Falls, all downstream of Peekaboo Falls. Remaining wood was placed in the pool of Peek a Boo Falls to help raise water surface elevations to allow for greater potential for fish passage. The goal of this project was to create more high flow refugia for YOY and juvenile bull trout within Box Canyon Creek to allow them to hold instream and avoid being flushed into the reservoir. In the fall of 2019, post implementation, a high flow event mobilized all pieces of wood, creating a smaller number of total log jams that were larger in size. Wood movement was anticipated and not considered undesirable. Ten to fifteen pieces were lost to the reservoir, but all remaining wood stayed in the channel and floodplain, which continues to provide benefits. Total cost for the project was approximately $475K and it took two years for planning and fundraising prior to implementation in 2019.

There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to concentrate flows through the dry section near the mouth.

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
Threat Severity: Significant

Under low flow conditions, the Box Canyon Creek mouth braids and becomes impassable. Big Pool Falls (about halfway up the accessible habitat) occasionally becomes impassable during low water (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). Passage is limited again 1.5 miles upstream, at Peekaboo Falls, further reducing the available spawning and rearing habitat. WDFW monitors fish passage at the mouth, and constructs a temporary flume when it is deemed necessary (2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, 2025). See Habitat Overview above for more details.

Kachess dam was constructed in 1912 and is a complete passage barrier to upstream migration of bull trout from entrained Kachess Reservoir populations and other populations attempting to access it (e.g., Gold Creek). The Box Canyon Creek bull trout population has been isolated for over 100 years from Gold Creek and other populations downstream of the lower Kachess river and Keechelus Arm.

See Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat page for more details on passage issues at the Kachess Narrows.

==== Entrainment ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

The threat of entrainment to Box Canyon Creek fish is likely significant but unknown due to the few tagged fish and the absence of a PIT antenna below Kachess Dam as exists below Keechelus and Clear Creek dams. The mechanism of entrainment is apparently through the outlet works as the spillway gates have not been operated since the early 2000’s (Haskell et al. 2022).Trap and haul downstream of Kachess and Keechelus dams began in 2019. Since that time only one Box Canyon Creek-origin fish has been collected - a 720 mm fish collected below Keechelus Dam. Although the timing of entrainment is unknown, it apparently migrated down to at least Easton Reservoir before returning up the Keechelus Arm to the base of Keechelus Dam where it was collected, transported back to Kachess Reservoir, and released at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek. The fish was PIT tagged and implanted with an acoustic tag for monitoring in Kachess Reservoir and tributaries (Haskell et al. 2022<ref name=":4" />).

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
Threat Severity: Significant

The Box Canyon Creek mouth experiences dewatering during low water years. Shallow, braided channels cut through the reservoir bed which has no vegetation and limited bank stability owing to reservoir fluctuations. The creek carves different pathways each year, resulting in shallow, heavily braided channels that limit fish passage. USBR (2008<ref>USBR. ''Appraisal Report: Box Canyon Creek''. USBR Region Design Group, 2008, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USBR_2008.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>) wrote an appraisal report on potential options for constructing permanent passage and USBR has been working on a river delta research project to model different conditions and potential restoration options. Reclamation completed a Hydraulic Modeling Assessment Report and a 60% design package in 2021 describing several features to stabilize the existing stream route (Byrne et al. 2021). Since the KDRPP project is on hold, discussion of Box Canyon restoration has decreased and a project is unlikely to occur. Cultural resource concerns are another reason the project has stalled.

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
Threat Severity: Unknown

In contrast with the Upper Kachess River, logging did not have major impacts on Box Canyon Creek. The part of the creek accessible to bull trout is too steep and confined for clear cutting. Much of the harvest that occurred was in the uplands of the watershed, but some logging occurred near the creek (USFS 2002<ref name=":7" />). The 1996 Box Canyon Watershed Analysis (Cle Elum RD, 1996<ref>USFS. “1996 Box Canyon Temperature Data.” 1996, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Box-Canyon-Temp-Data-1996.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>) reports that 11% of the drainage was altered by timber harvest. The entire watershed is now protected wilderness or USFS land.

A greater concern is forest management. There are large stands of timber and significant undergrowth which could result in a high-severity wildfire if fuels are left unmanaged. Forest fires and the resulting sedimentation are a threat to the Box Canyon Creek population.

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There is no agriculture or grazing near Box Canyon Creek.

==== Recreation ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

Box Canyon Creek runs through Kachess Campground and the lake bed near the campground. WDFW and BTTF occasionally disassemble rock dams adjacent to the campground, and informational signage has reduced their frequency. Heavy recreation also occurs above Peekaboo Falls and even though bull trout do not have access to those reaches, there may be downstream impacts from the large presence of humans recreating directly next to the stream. Human waste is regularly observed near the stream during redd and habitat surveys. Some harassment may occur as people swim, kayak and boat in or near Box Canyon Creek during summer. Adult bull trout are also subject to harassment at Peekaboo Falls, also known as the "dynamite hole" because of historical attempts to remove bull trout using dynamite. Occasional fishing gear and trash are found near Peekaboo Falls.

There has been an overall increase in recreation in this area, particularly since 2020. Kachess residents have noted a decreased responsibility or knowledge in regards to respect for natural resources (John Reeves, personal communication). The overall impacts of recreation to Box Canyon Creek bull trout are unquantified, but should be better understood in order to guide restoration project proposals.

Education and outreach conducted by BTTF near Kachess Campground is ongoing to reduce harassment, illegal fishing, trash, and rock dam construction. However, more emphasis could be placed on the dispersed camping areas upstream of the campground. A report by the Cle Elum Ranger District details specific restoration actions that could occur in Box Canyon, Gale, and Mineral creeks and the Kachess River (Matthews 2016<ref>Matthews, Tom. “Bull Trout and Watershed Restoration Plan for Box Canyon Creek, Gale Creek, Mineral Creek, Upper Kachess River.” Cle Elum Ranger Dist. USFS, 2016, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Box-Canyon-Mineral-Kachess-Restoration-Plan.docx</nowiki>.</ref>).

==== Roads and Development ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

A USFS road adjacent to Box Canyon Creek could contribute sediment. The road was a problem until 2006, when a portion of it was relocated upslope and stabilized. A five mile section of road along the west shore of Kachess Reservoir allows access to housing and the campground. The road, residential housing, and campground probably don't impact bull trout negatively. Residents report increased illegal road construction and OHV use.

==== Mining ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There is no record of mining in the Box Canyon Creek watershed.

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, insignificant

Although brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek, the overall distribution is unknown and hybridization with bull trout has not been documented. They are present in Lodge Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). WDFW surveyed Gale and Thetis creeks in 2010 and 2014 and did not find brook trout. Seven brook trout have been observed during three of the eight years of demographic surveys in Box Canyon Creek . When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they do not appear to be abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries. Brook trout have not been observed in Box Canyon creek above the partial barrier, Big Pool Falls.

==== Other Invasive Species ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

No other invasive species have been observed in Box Canyon Creek.

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, Insignificant

The prey base in Box Canyon Creek has not been well-studied. However, a fish health study in Box Canyon Creek which primarily looked at disease in cutthroat trout also noted that the fish sampled had "greater than 50% of their pyloric caeca covered in fat deposits and good amounts of body fat" (Kline 2021<ref name=":8">Kline, Scott. ''DRAFT Summary of Box Canyon Creek Fish Health Assessment''. 2021, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/DRAFT-SUMMARY-of-Box-Canyon-Creek-Fish-Health-Assessment.docx</nowiki>.</ref>). This might indicate that cutthroat trout are finding sufficient prey.

Hansen et al. (2017<ref name=":9">Hansen, Adam, et al. ''Food Web Interactions in Kachess and Keechelus Reservoirs, Washington: Implications for Threatened Adfluvial Bull Trout and Management of Water Storage''. Final Report. Washington State Department of Ecology, 2017, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hansenetal2017-FinalReport-KachessKeechelusFoodWebStructure-Phase2-ContractVersion.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>) found that bull trout feeding rates are not prey limited, suggesting that Kachess Reservoir could support a larger population of bull trout. The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess Reservoir and should continue. These stocked kokanee could make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production post- Kachess Dam construction. Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017<ref name=":9" />), resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022<ref>Taylor, Aimee. ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-Adult Adfluvial Bull Trout''. 2022, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki>. Central Washington University.</ref>).

==== Disease ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

Although disease assessments have not been conducted for bull trout, they have been for cutthroat trout. WDFW and USFWS conducted a cutthroat trout health assessment at Box Canyon Creek where 24 fish were captured below Peekaboo Falls and 30 were captured above the falls (Kline 2021<ref name=":8" />). All fish sampled above and below the falls were negative for six viruses, but about half of the fish tested positive for Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD). BKD is a disease common in wild trout and char, with up to 100% prevalence in some populations (Meyers et al. 2019<ref>Meyers, Theodore, et al. “Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD).” Book Excerpt. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 2019, <nowiki>https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/disease/pdfs/fishdiseases/bacterial_kidney_disease.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>). BKD can result in slow chronic fish mortality. The level of mortality due to this disease is unknown for Box Canyon Creek bull trout. Additionally, Hexamida parasite was found in the hindgut of 2/7 cutthroat from below the falls. None of the fish appeared to have reduced body condition or fat deposits due to disease or parasites (Kline 2021).
=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
Threat Severity: Significant
[[File:Box MWMT by Site Year 20251223 v4.png|thumb|Figure 3: Summer water temperatures over time at three monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, 5m Falls (upstream), Peekaboo Falls (middle) and Mouth (downstream). Points show the warmest average temperatures recorded during the summer each year, with lines illustrating year-to-year trends. Variations reflect differences in weather, stream conditions, and water availability that year.]]
Low flows in the summer could result in elevated water temperatures (Figure 3), and limit fish passage. Dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has occurred in several years over the past two decades. See Fish passage barriers threat section above for details.

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
Threat Severity: Unknown

The mean August water temperature modelled by NorWest for "current day" (1993-2011) was 14-16°C in the reach accessible to bull trout (Isaak et al. 2017<ref name=":10">Isaak, Dan, et al. “The NorWeST Summer Stream Temperature Model and Scenarios for the Western U.S.: A Crowd-Sourced Database and NewGeospatial Tools Foster a User Community and Predict Broad Climate Warming of Rivers and Streams.” ''Water Resources Research'', 2017, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/isaak-et-al-2017.pdf</nowiki>.</ref>). Newer observations of mean August temperatures in the same reach are range between 12-15°C., as seen in the Temperature Monitoring section above. Modeled future conditions for 2040 and 2080 show the reach accessible to bull trout in Box Canyon Creek maintaining the 14-16° range, with the exception of the ~500m closest to the reservoir showing predicted temperatures in the 16-18° range (Isaak et al. 2017<ref name=":10" />).
[[File:Box Detections 2024.png|thumb|Figure 4: Box Canyon Creek PIT antenna operation and bull trout detections in 2024.]]
The mouth of Box Canyon Creek may act as a thermal barrier for adults entering the tributary to spawn, especially as temperatures rise in the future. A PIT antenna array at the mouth showed few bull trout detections during peak temperatures between mid-July and late-September (Figures 3, 4, Beebe et al. 2024<ref name=":6" />).

Juvenile bull trout exposed to water temperature of 12°C for three weeks experience metabolic stress (Best et al. 2025<ref>Best, et al. “Transcriptional Profiling Provides Insights into Sublethal Thermal Stress Thresholds in Juvenile Bull Trout.” ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', 2025, <nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2024-0378</nowiki>.</ref>). Mortality of juvenile bull trout spending ~three weeks at 18°C was 20%, whereas it was 2.9% at 15°C. In Box Canyon Creek, future water temperatures will range from 14-16° range , and therefore, bull trout, while unlikely to face direct mortality, may become thermally stressed.

==== Changes in hydrology ====
General climate change impacts include reduced snowpack in the Cascade Mountain Range, increased frequency of drought, and an earlier peak run-off period, which will likely culminate in low flows and reduced water quality at Box Canyon Creek.

==== Water Quality - Other ====
See above under recreation threats. There have been observations of human waste and chemicals used for car maintenance close to the creek. The threat severity is unknown. A water quality study would help answer this question.

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

Box Canyon Creek, including the portion flowing through the reservoir bed, is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The Bull Trout Task Force prioritizes angler education at Kachess Campground and has never encountered someone with a bull trout. Campers are reminded that the portion of the creek flowing through the lake bed is closed to fishing. On occasion, fishing tackle and trash are found at the base of Peekaboo Falls. "Closed waters" signs are posted and maintained at access points along the creek. Peekaboo Falls is also known by long-time locals as the "dynamite hole" referring to historical attempts to remove bull trout before restrictions were in place . Dynamite was also used at "Bomber Falls" a a 1/4 mile upstream of Peekaboo Falls (Larry Brown, former district biologist, personal communication).

Kokanee fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir. A 2022 creel survey at Kachess Reservoir indicated no harvested bull trout during summer (Divens 2026). However, 3 bull trout were caught and released, which equated to an estimated 28 in total. Additionally, 11 unidentified fish were caught and released. It is likely that some portion of the bull trout caught and released by anglers succumbed to hooking mortality. Low reservoir population numbers may limit the number of bull trout encountered by anglers. Angler education on bull trout identification and angling regulations seems to help reduce the number of bull trout lost to recreational angling (Divens 2026). Some impact of fishing/poaching is likely.

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant

Although there has been some research on individuals from the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population, negative impacts to the population are considered minor. Several bull trout were captured near the mouth of the creek and at Peekaboo Falls from 2019-2021 and were surgically implanted with tags for a USFWS acoustic telemetry study. Passive demographic surveys (snorkel) and redd surveys have also been conducted.

Some questions are yet to be answered about the implications (genetic and demographic) of the rescue-rear-release program being implemented with Upper Kachess River bull trout. See bull trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project page for more details.

==== Other Threats ====
Small population size

Loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression

Climate Change

Limited extent of habitat

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers in Box Canyon Creek (mouth, Peekaboo, and Big Pool falls) and the reservoir (Kachess Narrows and Kachess Dam). Other potential threats include high water temperatures near the mouth, illegal angling, catch and release mortality, limited habitat due to inundation of lower reaches of Box Canyon Creek, lack of marine derived nutrients, recreation (large campsite at mouth of spawning reach and extensive dispersed recreation), and the potential expansion of brook trout, especially with increasing temperatures from climate change. The threat of inbreeding depression due to small population size is probably also a threat to this population.

Agriculture, altered flows, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining threats are not present for this population.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority actions involve restoring connectivity at the broad scale (at Kachess Dam) and at the local scale through monitoring and ensuring passage at the creek’s mouth and through the Kachess Narrows. Passage at Kachess Dam would improve genetic and demographic connectivity. Other actions that are identified as a priority are outreach to anglers and recreationists, riparian restoration or decommissioning of dispersed campsites, and evaluating the feasibility of passage at Peekaboo Falls to provide additional spawning and rearing habitat. Available habitat was reduced when the reservoir was constructed and lower reaches were inundated. If passage at Peekaboo Falls is implemented, the threats of harassment, capture via angling, and habitat degradation above the falls would need to be mitigated by changing and enforcing USFS and WDFW regulations. Box Canyon Creek is a good candidate for additional water quality monitoring and evaluation of the need for nutrient addition. A pilot project that would place carcass analogs to address the lack of marine derived nutrients could be beneficial. Salmon have been excluded from this system for ~100 years, there is suitable access for delivering carcasses, and the stream is short enough to allow for extensive data monitoring. Pro-active solutions to prevent the spread of brook trout should be considered for Kachess Reservoir (See Kachess FMO Recovery Strategy).

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----Water temperature trends near the mouth

Nutrient levels and evaluation of the need for enhancement

Another habitat survey to evaluate long term effects of wood additions

Understand the effect of past wood additions on juvenile residence time and survival and assess the need for additional wood placement..

Updated genetic baseline and increased effort to collect and PIT tag Box Canyon Creek fish

Assess the extent of fisheries impacts, unintentional and illegal harvest. Increase enforcement

PIT tag antenna below Kachess Dam to better assess entrainment

Evaluation of water quality and habitat impacts from recreational use (i.e. human waste, sedimentation, share reduction). Determine if impacts are directly decreasing recovery by examining temperature and turbidity trends.

== Actions ==
Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* Campsite next to Peekaboo Falls was closed to overnight camping by USFS in 2002.
* Approximately 15 dispersed campsites along the creek were either re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated to protect sensitive riparian areas by USFS in 1996. There was some ongoing maintenance at the sites, but none recently. In recent years there have been dispersed campsites becoming established again after public has removed or breached boulder barriers. Additionally, while vehicle exclusion might be successful in some of these areas, walk-in sites are appearing behind some of the barriers.
* With no flow at the mouth on August 23, 1996, USBR made temporary channel modifications to provide passage.
* A 623-foot segment of Box Canyon Road USFS Road 4930, which parallels the creek and was a chronic source of sediment, was relocated upslope and stabilized by USFS in 2006.
* Construction of a temporary straw bale and plastic flume near the confluence of Box Canyon Creek and Kachess Reservoir was required in several years between 2001-2025 to provide upstream bull trout passage. This is detailed in the narrative above.

* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Box Canyon Creek (see Appendix F).
* The Bull Trout Task Force provides outreach and education to recreationists and anglers in the area, primarily at Kachess Campground. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the species.
* In 2019, Kittitas Conservation Trust added large wood to the creek to improve bull trout habitat See Restoration Actions above.

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within the established index areas to monitor long-term abundance trends.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring throughout the Box Canyon Creek drainage including above Peekaboo Falls.

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct assessment and pilot study on feasibility of carcass analogs to enhance prey base for juveniles.

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor for brook trout introgression when collecting genetic samples.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams.

==== Box Canyon Creek Actions ====
Box Canyon Action #1: Monitor/Fix Passage Problems in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #2: Passage over natural barriers in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #3: Carcass Analog Assessment / Pilot Project

Box Canyon Action #4: USFS Road and Recreation Area Management

Box Canyon Action #5: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Box Canyon Action #6: Fishing Regulation Enforcement

Box Canyon Action #7: Box Canyon Creek Habitat Projects

Box Canyon Action #8: Monitoring in Box Canyon Creek

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in November 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Box Canyon Creek small group in December 2025. Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population

2026-03-26T21:36:11Z

ATaylor: /* Field Habitat Surveys */

== Overview ==
The upper Kachess River is the smaller of two streams in what is locally known as the Kachess River/Mineral Creek system. Mineral Creek joins the river approximately 1.2 miles above the reservoir (at full pool) and contributes about 75% of the downstream flow (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0">Meyer, W. R. (2002). ''The effects of seasonal stream de-watering on three age classes of bull trout, Salvelinus confluenctus'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Meyer-2002.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Despite this flow discrepancy the stream is referred to as the Kachess River below this confluence, a fact that has caused some confusion in the past. It is referred to as the upper Kachess River in this document to differentiate it from the lower Kachess River, a 0.6-mile reach below Kachess Dam that flows into Easton Reservoir and the Yakima River.

Mineral Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and the headwaters of the upper Kachess River originate on other lands managed by the Forest Service. The Kachess river flows into the north end of Kachess Reservoir. All accessible fish habitat in the two streams is in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River almost always goes dry for about 1.5 miles above the reservoir during late summer and early fall, never dewatering upstream of the Mineral Creek Trail crossing (USFS Trail 1331).

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
[[File:Screenshot 2025-12-23 110044.png|thumb|Figure 1. PIT antenna detections of bull trout near the mouth of the upper Kachess River (denoted as "Lower Kachess River") in the figure title. Note the lack of water temperature data between mid July and late October, indicating the period where the river was dry. As water returned, bull trout were detected on the antenna in October and November.]]
The upper Kachess River population displays an adfluvial life history. The population spawns primarily in the upper Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence although a few redds are sometimes found downstream. While Mineral Creek contains some suitable spawning habitat, few redds are observed there. Juvenile bull trout are known to use both Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River for rearing with their distribution extending down to the reservoir. Kachess Reservoir provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish. Unlike other populations in the Yakima River Basin which mostly migrate into the spawning tributaries between May and September, adults from this population have been observed to migrate into the upper Kachess River in October and November, after fall rains have re-watered the reach above the reservoir (W. Meyer, WDFW, pers comm, 2012) (Figure 1. Beebe et al. 2025<ref>Beebe, B., Cunningham, C., Hamilton, B., & Haskell, C. (2025). ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2024 Progress Report'' [Progress]. USFWS, MCFWCO. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Yakima-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2024_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Kachess Falls.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The upstream passage barrier on the upper Kachess River, a ~60 foot waterfall. ]]
Fish passage barriers are located 0.2 miles up Mineral Creek (Falls/Debris jam at 47.42295, -121.2492) and 0.5 miles up the upper Kachess River (Falls at 47.4239874, -121.2344328) (Figure 2). It is of note that a larger, more permanent falls is located just upstream of the reported fish barrier on Mineral Creek at RM 0.25.

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show this population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Baseline genetic samples were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey conducted in 1997 by CWU researchers and WDFW biologists (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1">Reiss, Y. (2003). ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf</nowiki></ref>). A couple of adult bull trout were collected at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek in 2020. Rapid genetic analysis on these two bull trout showed the probabilities of the population of origin were 0.90 Box 0.10 Kachess and 0.53 Box and 0.47 Kachess, indicating some genetic introgression between the two populations (Von Bargen 2021<ref>Von Bargen, J. (2021). ''2021 Upper Yakima Bull Trout Rapid Response Genetic Population ID''. USFWS. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Von-Bargen-2021.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912. Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented. For more detailed information, see the Population Genetics section of the Kachess Reservoir Bull Trout Population Group page.

=== Population Monitoring ===
Four adult bull trout were observed in October 1980 in the upper Kachess River by a WDFW (then Washington Department of Wildlife) electrofishing crew (USFS 1980<ref>USFS. (1980). ''Kachess River Study''. Wenatchee National Forest. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Kachess-River-1980.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Brown (1992) also reported that adults were found in Mineral Creek and that bull trout redds (three in Mineral Creek and two in the Kachess River) were observed. Returning in 1993 on four separate dates between late August and mid-October, no adult bull trout were found, though juveniles were. A CWU graduate student reported the presence of “small” adult bull trout in the Kachess/Mineral system in July 1996, but found no redds when he returned in October (Craig 1996<ref>Craig, S. (1996). ''Scott Craig snorkel surveys 1996''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Craig_1996.xlsx</nowiki></ref>). In 1998, WDFW conducted an exploratory redd survey, but found no redds or adult bull trout. It was not until two years later that adult presence was once again documented, when 17 adults were observed in 11 snorkel surveys conducted from July thru November 2000 (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />; James 2002a<ref>James, P. W. (2002). ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf</nowiki></ref>). 15 bull trout redds were found in the first complete redd survey conducted that same year. Through these efforts, it became clear that the timing of adult bull trout presence in the upper Kachess River was dependent on fall precipitation, which reconnected the river with the lake and that the population was adfluvial. Ongoing redd surveys conducted since 2000 support this (Divens 2025<ref>Divens, M. (2025). ''2024 Yakima Basin Bull Trout Spawning Surveys''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2024-Yakima-Bull-Trout-Spawning-Surveys-Final-Report-DIVENS.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

Juvenile bull trout presence in the Kachess/Mineral system was first documented in 1980 when WDFW conducted the electrofishing described above; bull trout were found in both streams. The Forest Service observed juveniles in snorkel surveys conducted in Mineral Creek in 1990 and 1991. Craig (1996) observed juvenile bull trout in the system in 1996. CWU researchers Paul and Brenda James, with assistance from WDFW, snorkeled about 0.7 mile in the Kachess/Mineral system in 1997 starting about a tenth of a mile below the confluence of the two streams and continuing up Mineral Creek to the barrier waterfall and obtained genetic samples from 30 juvenile bull trout (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1" />). In 2000, CWU graduate student William Meyer conducted snorkel surveys from late July through mid-November from the mouth of the upper Kachess River up to the barrier waterfall on the river and observed both juvenile and adult bull trout. For his thesis work investigating the effects of seasonal dewatering on different age classes of bull trout, he calculated juvenile densities, determined adult migration and spawn timing, monitored stream discharge and channel condition, and documented life-stage specific mortalities resulting from channel dewatering (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />).

In 2019, the Yakama Nation initiated their Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of the upper Kachess River and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. As of 2024 1,303 upper Kachess River YOY have been reared in captivity, tagged, and released into the reservoir about 10 months later. In 2024, the first of those bull trout were detected entering the river during the spawning season. In 2025 more detections occurred and video evidence of bull trout staging to spawn was captured, indicating that rescued YOY were successfully reared in captivity and survived to spawn and contribute to the next generation.

Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas at two locations in the upper Kachess River, a lower site, 0.2 km upstream of the mouth and an upper site, 2.8 km upstream of the mouth (distance varies depending on the pool elevation). The lower array has been frequently blown out and vandalized and has consisted of permanent pass through types and temporary submersible types (sometimes a combination) over the years. They also maintain antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (0.2 km upstream from the mouth), temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed, and in The Narrows during low water.

PIT-tagged Kachess River fish come from four sources: 1) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, reared over the winter at La Salle, and then released into Kachess Reservoir, 2) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, tagged, and immediately released, 3) adults collected during trap and haul below Kachess and Keechelus dams, and 4), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021.

Detection of PIT-tagged fish in the upper Kachess River is challenging for a few reasons. First, the lower river can be dry for much of the summer and fall (mid July - late October in 2024). Second, the antennas are powered by batteries charged by solar panels and by the time fish enter the river, sunlight has waned and snowfall can limit both the solar panels' ability to charge the batteries and access to the site. The lack of detections and ultimately the initial evaluation of the La Salle program has probably been influenced by compromised antenna operations and resulting lack of detections. In contrast the lower Box Canyon Creek sites are powered by propane. In 2023, 13 Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River, most of which had been collected and immediately released back into the upper Kachess River, although a single La Salle fish was detected at the lower site. However in 2024, eleven unique Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River from October 28 - November 22, all of which were La Salle fish released from 2020-2022. Eight fish were detected at the lower site and three fish were detected at the upper site but no fish were detected at both sites. (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b). See the Box Canyon Creek population monitoring section for Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek.

In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 81% of the habitat below the Kachess River Falls and ranging between 37% and 95%. In the 9 years of surveys, the reach of the Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence consistently had the highest density of juvenile bull trout (ages 1-3). The mainstem Kachess River that perennially flows and dewaters had moderate densities, though variable. The Mineral Creek reach had the lowest densities, though only three years of surveys (2016 to 2018) were completed there.

A stream restoration project completed at the end of 2023 focused on minimizing the extent and duration of dewatering in the dewatering reach and creating velocity refuge for fish in the perennially flowing reach below the Mineral Creek confluence. WDFW continued demographic surveys in 2024 and 2025 but has not observed any major changes in Bull Trout densities yet, though densities in the Kachess River are highly variable, making it more difficult to detect change. Six brook trout have been observed in nine years of demographic surveys. All six observations occurred in and between 2016 and 2018, and 5 of the 6 were in the dewatering reach, while the last was in the perennially flowing mainstem Kachess River below the Mineral Creek confluence.

In 2019, 72% of all the bull trout redds created in the Kachess River were within the inundation zone. This was a concern for three reasons: 1) these redds are susceptible to scour due to a highly unstable environment in this zone due to the lack of stable banks and increased bed mobilization, 2) when these redds are inundated with water they may have poor survival due to low oxygen concentrations, and 3) when the fry from these redds emerge from the redd and into a lake environment they are likely to be eaten. WDFW planned a study to remove half of the eggs from these redds and transfer them upstream to where redds are more common, while leaving the remainder of the eggs to see how survival differed between those moved and those not moved. When WDFW and several other stakeholders went out to mine the redds they were unable to find eggs in most of the redds. The only eggs that were found were those from a redd protected from high flows by a rock outcrop just upstream. The 21 eyed eggs found were not enough to complete the study.

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Kachess Graph Through 2025.png|alt=redd counts highly variable|thumb|Figure 3: Upper Kachess River bull trout redd counts from 1998-2025]]
There has been an attempt to conduct complete redd surveys in the river since 2000. These surveys cover the entire upper Kachess River from Kachess Reservoir (which is at low pool at that time) to the barrier waterfall, a distance of approximately 2.5 miles. The annual count has been highly variable (Figure 3).The spawning period for this population depends entirely on fall precipitation which rewaters the stream channel and allows access to the spawning grounds. In a typical year, this period extends from mid-October thru mid-November, at least a full month later than for other bull trout populations in the Yakima Basin. While the rains provide necessary access for fish, they also can hamper the ability to monitor this population. The upper Kachess River responds quickly to rainfall, and high flows have often severely reduced or eliminated the ability to conduct complete redd surveys. High flows commonly result in incomplete surveys and obscured redds between passes.

Up until 2019, Mineral Creek was only occasionally surveyed. Starting in 2020, Mineral Creek has been surveyed every year, though not necessarily with the three recommended passes. Brown (1992) reported that three redds were found in the creek in 1980. Between 1980 and the publication of the 2012 Bull Trout Action Plan, no adults or redds had been observed there. However, surveys at the time were only spot checks. More recently, the reach accessible to bull trout in Mineral Creek has been established as a yearly spawning survey index (1 pass per year starting in 2020, 3 passes per year starting in 2023). Several adult bull trout and a small number of redds have been observed since.

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
One eDNA sample was collected in the upper Kachess River above the barrier waterfall in 2017 (Parrish 2017<ref>Parrish, C. (2017). ''Upper Yakima Basin Bull Trout eDNA (2017)''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/eDNA-2017-Final-Report.pdf</nowiki></ref>). The result was negative for bull trout DNA. Likewise, three samples were collected above the Mineral Creek barrier waterfall at 1km intervals and the results were negative for bull trout DNA.

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998<ref>Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Klamath River and Columbia River Distinct Population Segments of Bull Trout, 1018-AB94 USFWS ___ (Dept of Interior 1998). <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFWS_1998.pdf</nowiki></ref>) considered the Kachess River subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation did not include the upper Kachess River local population as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River and a local population was not recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004<ref>WDFW. (2004). ''Washington State Salmonid Stock Inventory: Bull Trout/Dolly Varden'' (p. 449). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WDFW_2004.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

While redd counts are somewhat incomplete due to environmental conditions during the spawning survey season, the 26 years of data show a variable population trend. Nonetheless, the population is small. Despite the upper Kachess River population’s obvious obstacles (i.e., access and limited habitat area), it continues to persist. The highest redd count on record (33) was documented in 2011.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on the upper Kachess River range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to about 2,500 feet at the barrier waterfall, which is similar to the elevation at the base of the barrier falls on Mineral Creek. All of the reaches accessible to bull trout in both streams are located in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River has a varied history of resource extraction (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). Copper deposits were discovered on Mineral Creek in the late 1800s. A wagon road was built shortly thereafter to extract ore mined from the hillsides adjacent to the creek. The tailings of the mining operation are still visible as are the remains of the mining operations, even though they ended long ago. The watershed was heavily logged from 1968 through 1987 with some harvest occurring directly adjacent to the lower segment of the upper Kachess River. The roads that were built to accommodate timber harvest have been decommissioned except for FS 4600, which is the main road used to access the Mineral Creek Trailhead. The end of the road was decommissioned in 2025 where it entered the Kachess River floodplain. The road interrupted flow across the floodplain and probably contributed sediment to the stream. With the decommissioning of this portion of road, the Mineral Creek Trailhead was relocated. Human activity in the watershed is limited to recreation, including hiking and canyoneering, which has become a popular sport in Mineral Creek in the past decade.

Habitat conditions in the upper Kachess system vary (except for water temperatures which are suitable throughout). Above the confluence of Mineral Creek and the Kachess River, the stream gradient of both streams is between 2 and 7% with channel widths ranging between 15 and 25 feet. Despite early habitat surveys stating that pools were frequent and LWD was prevalent, surveys in 2017 found these habitat features limiting (see more details below). The availability of spawning-size gravels, at least in the upper Kachess River, is good. The riparian corridor on both streams is composed of typical old-growth understory species and is healthy. Below the confluence for a distance of about 0.5 mile, high alluvial banks frequently confine the river. The channel widens, stream gradient decreases to about 1%, and pool frequency and depth decreases. The riparian corridor shows some signs of past disturbance but can still be described as healthy. Below this reach habitat conditions change dramatically. The channel width often exceeds 150 feet; LWD is scarce. The segment contains mostly riffle habitat and few pools. It is within this reach, often beginning near its downstream end, that the upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). The issue of dewatering is exacerbated by the fluctuating pool level because sediment transported in high flows settles immediately at the still water interface, leaving an elevated substrate surface when the pool is drawn down. The river generally remains disconnected until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October.

FMO habitat for the upper Kachess River bull trout population is in Kachess Reservoir.

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
[[File:AirExposureKachess.png|thumb|Figure 4. Periods of dewatering in the upper Kachess River over three years, extrapolated from temperature monitoring near the mouth of the Kachess River (winter dewatering periods are more difficult to detect given similar air, water and snow temperatures).]]
Meyer (2002) studied the effects of dewatering on juvenile bull trout and adult migration. The lower reach of the upper Kachess River is generally dewatered from mid-summer (average date of disconnections is 7/17 with a range between 6/30 and 8/2) until heavy precipitation waters the channel in late fall (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). Dewatering conditions have been noted during annual redd surveys since 2000. In 2017 WDFW fish passage biologists started annual monitoring of the timing and extent of dewatering via weekly surveys. A water temperature logger near the mouth of the creek also provides insight on yearly dewatering trends (Figure 4).

WDFW assisted with installation of temperature and stage monitoring equipment in the Kachess River at the Mineral Creek trail crossing in 2018 and in Mineral Creek just above the confluence with the Kachess River. WDFW has been taking flow measurements at those sites since 2016. WDFW also installed a temperature probe between 2019 and 2020 in the inundation zone and starting in 2020 in the Kachess River about ½ a mile above the Mineral Creek confluence. Occasional flow measurements have been taken in the Kachess River near the high pool extent to document dewatering in that area and in the Kachess River just above the Mineral Creek confluence since 2018. Flow measurements are to understand the flow balance between Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River and flow loss across downstream reaches. The discharge in the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek is always lower than Mineral Creek by 6% to 62%, based on 26 paired measurements between 2018 and 2025 between Mineral Creek flows of 1.9 and 86.2 cfs. The proportional difference between the two streams is not related to Mineral Creek flow. For example, Kachess River flow above the Mineral Creek confluence can be ~30% of Mineral Creek flow when Mineral Creek is flowing at 2 cfs AND 86 cfs.

WDFW completed a modified Hankin and Reeves<ref>Hankin, D., & Reeves, G. H. (1988). Estimating Total Fish Abundance and Total Habitat Area in Small Streams Based on Visual Estimation Methods. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', ''45'', 834–844.</ref> type of habitat survey in the perennial flow of the upper Kachess River and Mineral Creek in 2016, and in the dewatering section of the Kachess River in 2017. Wood quantification for these areas was completed by the USFS in 2017 and WDFW included that data in its analysis. A comparison of various metrics derived from these surveys to guidelines for properly functioning habitat suggest that there is suitable spawning habitat, given the amount of cobble and low amounts of fine sediment. The survey also showed that the Upper Kachess River had sufficient wood volume, but insufficient pool quantity and depth, and insufficient wood quantity (pieces). Future habitat surveys will see an increase in wood and pool quantity due to the engineered habitat features installed in 2023.

USFWS has monitored surface water and groundwater post-restoration project. A total of nine surface water wells were installed within the project reach. Five surface water wells were installed by Interfluve prior to the restoration project to collect data to inform the design of the project. Four of the wells were re-deployed at the same pre-construction locations (one in Mineral Creek) and one surface water well was reinstalled near the pre-construction location, but not in the exact location. An additional four surface water wells were installed during construction and placed within the large wood structures. All nine surface water wells were logging as of January 2026. Eleven groundwater wells have been installed within the project reach. Three were installed prior to restoration implementation by Interfluve to inform design; two were installed in the same locations post-construction and one was relocated nearby. Eight additional wells were installed during construction. All eleven groundwater wells were logging as of January 2026. No groundwater or surface water data have been analyzed as of January 2026.

WDFW completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-September 2016 in the upper Kachess mainstem, Mineral Creek, and the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level and a sub-sample of invertebrates were measured for total length. Though further work was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred. Results show very similar numbers of macroinvertebrate individuals relative to Box Canyon, and both streams were dominated by Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, and had zero or extremely low numbers of Collembola, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. Kachess had extremely low numbers of Coleoptera while Box Canyon had two orders of magnitude higher amounts of Coleoptera.

The USBR is working on a geomorphology study of river deltas within Yakima Basin reservoirs to 1) characterize the delta surfaces including long profiles, topographic change, inundation frequency, and vegetation growth, and 2) model select surfaces (Gold Creek, Box Canyon, Indian Creek) to better understand hydraulic and sediment transport conditions. This is largely a research-based effort meant to explore existing conditions and potential simplified management strategies (simplified in the modeling context rather than a formal design).

==== Stream Temperature Data ====
[[File:Upper Kachess River Longitudinal MWMT 2020-2023.png|thumb|Figure 5. Maximum weekly maximum temperature over four years in the Upper Kachess River System. MWMT is the maximum of the 7-day rolling average of daily maximum stream temperatures, representing peak thermal conditions.]]
[[File:Kachess River above Mineral mean August Temperature.png|thumb|Figure 6. Water temperature data for the Upper Kachess River shows a slight increase in mean August temperature over the four years of monitoring shown here.]]
WDFW and USFWS have monitored water temperature in the Upper Kachess River. Water temperature has been monitored at five sites: Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence (KRUS), Mineral Creek above the Kachess River confluence (MC2), Mainstem Upper Kachess River at the USFS Trail 1331 crossing (MCTC), at the downstream PIT antenna site near the upper edge of the inundation zone (KACL) and in the reservoir inundation zone (KACI). Long term monitoring has continued at KRUS, MC2, and KACL. Water temperature ranges between 9°C and 15°C (Figure 5). It is notable that the downstream site has some of the coldest water. This could be attributed to a spring tributary "Cold Ass Creek" that enters the river downstream of MCTC, but upstream of KACL. The KACL site is also influenced by dewatering, and was dry during the month of August in 2023, which probably skews the data toward July temperatures.

Water temperature for Kachess River, above the Mineral Creek confluence, shows a slight increase in mean August temperature between 2020 - 2023 (Figure 6). The temperature is continuing to be within the bull trout rearing temperature threshold, which is optimal between 7°C and 13°C depending on prey availability (McCullough and Spalding 2002<ref>McCullough, D., & Spalding, S. (2002). ''Multiple Lines of Evidence for Determining Upper Optimal Temperature Thresholds for Bull Trout''. CRITFC and USFWS.</ref>).

==== Restoration Actions ====
Since 2016, Kittitas Conservation Trust, along with partners, have been working to develop and implement plans for restoration actions to restore Kachess River and its floodplain. In 2023 restoration of phase one was completed, installing 1,576 logs and whole trees in 65 structures throughout the 1.2 miles of Kachess River downstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. Logs were primarily harvested through targeted forest health treatments on site. 13,964 live plants were installed to provide future riparian vitality and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species. The primary goal of this work was to create deeper pools with cover that is connected to ground water to aid in juvenile and adult survival during annual dewatering periods. In 2025, phase 2 was completed with an effort to remove existing trailhead and road from the floodplain and replace it with a new trailhead and trail up out of the floodplain. The goal of this work was to improve water quality and restore tributary flows across the floodplain to help with water storage on the eastern floodplain through wetland retention and shallow water aquifer storage.

In 2023, chainsaws and hand tools were used to alter a debris barrier to allow better passage into the upper Kachess River.

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
Threat Severity: Significant

About a mile of the Upper Kachess River dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at confluence with the reservoir and extends upstream, with flows going fully subsurface in late July to mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. See Habitat Overview section above. During the Kachess River Restoration Project implemented by Kittitas Conservation Trust in 2023, it was also discovered that the geology plays a role in the sub-surface flows in the ~0.75 mile of stream closest to the reservoir. This area was likely to dewater historically. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. The Kachess River bull trout population spawns upstream of the dewatering area.

Sometimes large and small woody debris create temporary passage barriers in the upper Kachess River, upstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. In 2023, chainsaws and hand tools were used to modify a debris jam to allow passage to the spawning grounds.

Kachess Dam is also a fish passage barrier. Although this population is thought to have always had an adfluvial life history strategy, historically these fish had connectivity with the rest of the Yakima River system and may have migrated long distances. Likewise, bull trout from other Yakima River populations would have been able to access the spawning grounds in the Upper Kachess River. The construction of Kachess Dam in 1912 inhibited upstream movement of bull trout and genetically isolated the current population.

==== Entrainment ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

Between 2019 and 2024, 2,402 bull trout have been rescued from dewatering in the Upper Kachess river and raised in captivity by Yakama Nation. 1,303 of those were tagged and released into Kachess Reservoir. Only four of the tagged fish have been documented getting entrained through Kachess Dam since tagging began. While there is not a PIT antenna collecting information on tagged fish directly below Kachess Dam, some of the Kachess bull trout have been captured by USFWS below Kachess and Keechelus dams.

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

When high-energy flows carrying bed load hit the standing water at the edge of the reservoir, there are large deposition events that increase the elevation near the mouth of the creek, and may exacerbate fish passage issues under low flow conditions. When the reservoir is at low pool, dewatering extends across the reservoir bed. Despite the river going dry in this section, reservoir management is not the primary factor causing dewatering. However, the section of river flowing through the reservoir bed tends to reconnect to the reservoir sooner than upstream reaches and spawning has been known to occur here when bull trout cannot access the upper river. Spawning is probably not successful when eggs are laid in the inundation zone due to egg smothering when the reservoir pool level increases, redd scouring from high flows prior to inundation, and/or heavy predation on bull trout fry after emergence. Between 2009 (when individual redds started getting GPS locations) and 2024, about 12% of the redds have been built in the reservoir inundation zone. This amount of lost reproductive effort may have substantial negative impacts on the population.

Multiple predation events by otters on adult bull trout have been observed in the reach between the reservoir's edge and the forested stream channel. Reservoir level certainly influences predation on adult and juvenile bull trout.

=== Land-use Issues ===
==== Forestry ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).

The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest in the mid 1900s, with commercial logging at the Kachess River occurring primarily between 1968-1986 (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). Logging on USFS lands went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Approximately half the riparian area was logged. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. Plum Creek Timber company owned land nearby, and also clear cut large swaths of land in the watershed (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced stream sinuosity and reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris. Both of these factors, in addition to mining effects, contribute to bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, and annual dewatering.

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There is no current agriculture or grazing in this area.

==== Recreation ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant

The Kachess River population of bull trout utilize Kachess Reservoir and the Upper Kachess River. The majority of recreational impacts probably occur on the west side of the reservoir in and around Kachess Campground. The campground has ~100 developed campsites and stays busy throughout the summer season. There is a motorized and a non-motorized boat launch, so water activities are popular including fishing, boating, kayaking, stand up paddle boarding and swimming. The Mineral Creek Trailhead is a popular site for backpackers to access Alpine Lakes Wilderness. The former parking area was located adjacent to Kachess River and a small intermittent tributary, which increased sedimentation and road maintenance needs in the direct vicinity of Kachess River. Hikers also have to cross the river to continue on the trail, and often place wood or rocks across the creek as a "bridge." The impacts to bull trout from these recreational activities have not been quantified. In 2025, as the final part of the Kachess River Restoration Project, the Mineral Creek Trailhead and parking area were relocated away from the creek, and the old road and parking area were decommissioned.

A newer activity in the watershed is canyoneering (first descent noted as 2020 via Rope Wiki), particularly occurring in Mineral Creek. The canyoners are known to take the trail adjacent to the creek until they reach their desired access points, at which point they descend to the creek. This may not have direct impacts to bull trout habitat, but there is potential for downstream flow of waste, etc.

==== Roads and Development ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant)

There are approximately 5 miles of road along the West shore of Kachess Reservoir to allow access to housing developments and the campground. This road is not thought to have negative population effects. Housing and the campground are probably not impacting bull trout negatively. The sedimentation and issues with the road leading to the old Mineral Creek Trail should be mitigated through the 2025 decommission and trailhead relocation project.

Historic road building in the floodplain of the upper Kachess River probably had the largest impact on this population through alteration of spawning and rearing habitat. During the Kachess River Restoration Project, some of these old road beds were utilized for access, then returned to a "natural" condition. They have now been officially decommissioned, by USFS definition.

==== Mining ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant)

Copper mining occurred in the headwaters of Kachess River and Mineral Creek in the early 1900s. The mine tailings were sluiced downstream into Mineral Creek and with decades of high-energy stream flow there has been an excessive amount of rough cobble material deposited into the floodplain down below (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). Deposition of gravels and cobbles has likely worsened dewatering conditions in the lower 1.5 miles of stream habitat.

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant

Only six brook trout have been observed in the upper Kachess River over nine years of demographic surveys. Hybridization has not been documented here. Brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek and may be abundant in some of the reservoir tributaries, including Lodge Creek. The distribution in the watershed is not fully understood, but there are some surveys that help elucidate distribution (See Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat for more details). When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys in the Upper Kachess River, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they are not yet abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.

==== Other Invasive Species ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There have been no reports of other invasive species in the upper Kachess River.

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

A 2017 study in Kachess Reservoir found that feeding rates of bull trout are not limited by foraging opportunities and that the prey base in the reservoir could support larger populations of bull trout (Hansen et al. 2017<ref name=":2">Hansen, A., Polacek, M., Connelly, K., & Gardner, J. (2017). ''Food web interactions in Kachess and Keechelus Reservoirs, Washington: Implications for threatened adfluvial bull trout and management of water storage'' [Final Report]. Washington State Department of Ecology. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hansenetal2017-FinalReport-KachessKeechelusFoodWebStructure-Phase2-ContractVersion.pdf</nowiki></ref>). The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess and should continue. These stocked kokanee probably make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production after the construction of Kachess Dam.

Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017<ref name=":2" />), potentially resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022<ref>Taylor, A. (2022). ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-adult Adfluvial Bull Trout'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

The study did not look at prey base in the Upper Kachess River. Age 0 bull trout primarily feed on macroinvertebrates, then switch to piscivory between age 1 and 2. Density and concentration of prey items may be affected by dewatering and low flow conditions.

==== Disease ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

No instances of disease have been reported.

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
Threat Severity: Significant

The upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall in the 1.5 miles above the reservoir. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. Adult and juvenile bull trout become stranded in isolated pools and are vulnerable to predation by otters and other wildlife. Some are rescued and relocated to perennial flow, or given to the Yakama Nation for captive rearing. It is notable that large numbers (~1000+) bull trout fry have been rescued from the dewatering section in the upper Kachess River over the past decade and that habitat restoration has been implemented to reduce the effects of seasonal dewatering. Those fish that evade rescue eventually desiccate or are predated upon.

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

The NorWest Stream Temperature Model predicts stream temperatures in the Upper Kachess River to be 12-14°C into 2080 (Isaak et. al 2016<ref>Isaak, D.J.; Wenger, S.J.; Peterson, E.E.; Ver Hoef, J.M.; Hostetler, S.W.; Luce, C.H.; Dunham, J.B.; Kershner, J.L.; Roper, B.B.; Nagel, D.E.; Chandler, G.L.; Wollrab, S.P.; Parkes, S.L.; Horan, D.L. 2016. NorWeST modeled summer stream temperature scenarios for the western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0033</nowiki>.</ref>). Empirical data collected between 2020-2023, as seen in the Stream Temperature section above, never shows maximum weekly maximum temperature above 15°C, except for in the reservoir inundation, which may be influenced by reservoir temperatures. Unlike many other populations, stream temperature in the Upper Kachess River in habitat accessible to bull trout is not an immediate threat.

==== Other changes in hydrology ====
Threat Severity: Significant

Instances of drought have increased over the past few decades and contribute to reduced snowpack, earlier peak run-off and extended periods of dry streambeds. Lack of summer and fall rains, combined with geomorphology, inhibit fish passage into the Upper Kachess River, potentially impacting reproductive success of adult bull trout.

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

The upper Kachess River is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The remote nature of the creek makes access somewhat difficult, so fishing pressure is probably reduced.

Fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir, please see this threat on the Kachess Reservoir FMO page for more details.

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
Threat Severity: Unknown

The Kachess population of bull trout is one of the most highly studied in the Yakima River Basin. Research impacts on the population are unknown and unquantified. Annual redd surveys involve hiking in the stream. Bull trout are observed passively in snorkel surveys, actively rescued from dewatering, and handled for biological sampling of fin tissue and measurements. All captured bull trout >100 mm are PIT tagged. A study from 2019-2023 surgically inserted acoustic tags into wild-captured (only 1) and captive-reared bull trout. Bull Trout from the Kachess River population are being reared in captivity and released at a larger size. While the program has greatly increased success in survival, there was initially a high mortality rate of Kachess River bull trout in captivity. Another concern is the genetic implications of the fish rescue program.

=== Other Threats ===
Low population abundance, inbreeding

Climate Change

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers (dewatering and Kachess Dam) and low population abundance. Dewatering in the lower reaches of the spawning tributary also appears to be limiting the population through stranding of bull trout, making them vulnerable to predation and preventing access to the spawning grounds. This potentially natural effect is exacerbated by reservoir fluctuations, legacy logging and mining impacts, and climate change. These factors work to increase the seasonal period of dewatering and limit habitat. Restoration of the lower portion of the river should mitigate some of these effects. Other threats include angling in Kachess Reservoir, entrainment at Kachess Dam, lack of marine derived nutrients, potential expansion of brook trout, and the limited habitat due to the inundation of lower reaches of the upper Kachess River when the dam was completed and the reservoir filled. One threat we are starting to gain more information about is the potential of inbreeding and inbreeding depression due to small population size.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not considered a significant threat. Threats due to agriculture, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
The remaining high priority actions involve passage at the broad scale (Kachess Dam) and addressing low abundance via rescue-and-rear of stranded bull trout. Monitoring and adaptive management strategies for bull trout rescue need to be ongoing to reduce the potential of negative genetic effects to the population. The Kachess River Restoration Project (see Restoration Actions above) was initially discussed in 2016 and was implemented in 2023 to reduce the threat of dewatering and improve habitat. However, if bull trout rescue is an ongoing need, some bull trout could be kept as brood stock for artificial propagation.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----Continuation of post-restoration project monitoring: habitat and fish demographics

Genetic monitoring

Ongoing temperature monitoring

== Actions ==
Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===
Kachess Action #1:

* Step 1 - Hydrogeomorphic evaluation in upper Kachess River (not Mineral Creek) to determine mechanisms and solutions for annual dewatering (completed prior to implementation).
* Step 2 - Implementation of a habitat enhancement project (completed in 2023).

Kachess Action #2:

* Step 1 - Mineral Creek Trailhead restoration (relocation of trailhead and restoration of old parking area was completed in 2025).

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct supplementation feasibility

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor any genetic samples for introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainments surveys at storage dams

==== Kachess River Actions ====
Kachess River Actions #3: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Kachess River Action #4: Monitor habitat conditions and fish response post-restoration project.

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in October 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Kachess River/Box Canyon Creek small group. Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References<ref name=":0" /> ==

Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat

2026-03-26T21:15:14Z

ATaylor: /* Monitoring Needs/Key Questions */

== Kachess Reservoir Adfluvial Populations ==
Kachess Lake was a natural lake prior to the construction of Kachess Dam on its outlet in 1912. At full pool the lake holds 239,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 4535 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to migration, isolating two local populations of bull trout, which now reside in the lake and spawn in upstream tributaries. One spawns in Box Canyon Creek and the other, in the upper Kachess River. Both of these populations are relatively small with each having a limited amount of spawning and rearing habitat available below waterfalls that block further upstream access. Several other smaller tributaries also flow into Kachess Lake. None are known to support bull trout spawning, but some support bull trout FMO habitat. See Kachess Lake Bull Trout Population Group page for more details on population genetics and monitoring.

As is the case for the other adfluvial populations in the Yakima Basin, the potential exists for individuals to be entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam and permanently displaced downstream. The likelihood of this occurring is reduced because the large amount of inactive pool in the reservoir (585,000 acre feet) provides habitat refuge even when the reservoir is drawn down.

== Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat Overview ==
Kachess Lake was a glacially formed, natural lake but its maximum elevation was increased and is now managed as a reservoir since the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912. Kachess is larger than Keechelus in both volume and surface area (Hansen et. al 2017<ref name=":0">Hansen, A., Polacek, M., Connelly, K., & Gardner, J. (2017). ''Food web interactions in Kachess and Keechelus Reservoirs, Washington: Implications for threatened adfluvial bull trout and management of water storage'' [Final Report]. Washington State Department of Ecology. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hansenetal2017-FinalReport-KachessKeechelusFoodWebStructure-Phase2-ContractVersion.pdf</nowiki></ref>). It is an oligotrophic lake, with the food web consisting of benthic and pelagic fishes, macrozooplankton, and benthic invertebrates. The fish community includes bull trout, kokanee, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, pygmy whitefish, mountain whitefish, burbot, northern pikeminnow, speckled dace, sculpin, redside shiner, and Eastern brook trout in small numbers. The reservoir is 430 ft (130m) at its deepest point, which offers year-round temperature refuge for cold water species, like bull trout. The name Kachess comes from a Native American term meaning "more fish", in contrast to Keechelus Lake whose name means "few fish" (Phillips 1971<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=James Wendell |title=Washington State Place Names |publisher=Seattle, University of Washington Press |year=1971}}</ref>).

The reservoir is used for water storage to support a multi-billion dollar agricultural industry downstream in the Kittitas and Yakima valleys. There is a proposed action to design, construct, fund, operate and maintain a floating pumping plant, the Kachess Drought Relief Pumping Plant (KDRPP) to access an additional 200,000 acre-feet of water that are inaccessible with the current configuration of the dam's outlet works (USBR and Ecology 2015<ref>USBR, & Ecology, D. of. (2015). ''Draft Environmental Impact Statement Kachess Drought Relief Pumping Plant and Keechelus Reservoir-to-Kachess Reservoir Conveyance Kittitas County and Yakima County, Washington''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/KDRPP-Draft-EIS.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Currently, only 239,000 acre feet are able to be withdrawn. The project has been on hold due to the high cost and the implications for the structures impact on spring flows. Additionally, the project will not move forward until studies that are looking into the structure's potential effects on the threatened populations of bull trout are complete.

Neither the sparse shoreline development or water sports activities on the lake are believed to influence habitat quality. The effects of reservoir depletion during the summer and early fall are less concerning in Kachess Reservoir than in any of the other Yakima basin impoundments for a few reasons. 1) The reservoir has a conservation pool (i.e., inactive storage) of 585,000 acre-feet that cannot be accessed for irrigation withdrawal. 2) Reservoir depletion doesn't occur until late in the season (August through September) due to the release schedule that prioritizes Keechelus, then Cle Elum, then Kachess Reservoirs. However, in drought years when the reservoir is drafted to its lowest level, the Kachess Narrows may inhibit or discourage passage between Big and Little Kachess due to the elevated water temperatures and lack of habitat cover (Taylor 2022<ref>Taylor, A. (2022). ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-adult Adfluvial Bull Trout'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Under a KDRPP (Kachess Drought Relief Pumping Plant) scenario, the Kachess Narrows could completely block upstream passage for up to five years depending on weather conditions. Under this condition, some bull trout would not be able to access their spawning grounds. Even under current operations, back to back drought years can limit reservoir refill and create thermal barriers at the Kachess Narrows (Hamilton et al. 2025<ref name=":2" />).

=== Habitat Monitoring ===
Mongillo (1982<ref>Mongillo, P. (1982). ''Cle Elum Lake Fertilization Assessment''. WDFW. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Mongillo_1982.pdf</nowiki></ref>) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities in Kachess Reservoir.

A limnological survey was conducted on Kachess Reservoir between 1998-2001 (Lieberman and Hiebert 2003<ref name=":1">Lieberman, D., & Hiebert, S. (2003). ''A Limnological Study of Keechelus, Kachess, Cle Elum, Bumping, and Rimrock Lakes in the Yakima River Basin''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Lieberman-and-Hiebert-2003_YakimaReservoirReportDRAFT_Figures.pdf</nowiki></ref>). The authors studied refill ratio (0.9:1) and flushing rates (~95 - 282 days) as well as temperature conditions, turnover timing, and other water quality parameters like pH and dissolved oxygen. The study concluded that nutrient concentrations were very low, but samples were only collected in the top 10m of the water column. Water clarity was measured by Secchi disk. Kachess had the highest visibility over all of the other Yakima Basin reservoirs, reflecting a negligible concentration of chlorophyll a. Based on chlorophyll a concentrations at the time, Kachess would have been classified as "ultraoligotrophic" whereas Bumping, Cle Elum and Keechelus were classified as "oligotrophic" (Lieberman and Hiebert 2003<ref name=":1" />). The authors also reported the dominant species of phytoplankton and zooplankton

USFWS reported on hydrological conditions in Kachess Reservoir from 2001-2008 (Thomas 2007<ref>Thomas, J. (2007). ''Kachess Lake Hydrology Analytical Summary''. USFWS. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Thomas_2007.pdf</nowiki></ref>). His primary conclusion was that reservoir drawdown actions are the most consistent indicator of poor passage conditions at Box Canyon Creek between 2001-2006.

WDFW was tasked with providing fish, wildlife and habitat data to the WA Department of Ecology in advance of the Environmental Impact Statement for KDRPP and Kachess to Keechelus conveyance (WDFW 2015<ref>WDFW. (2015). ''Environmental Impact Statement Development for the Keechelus to Kachess Conveyance and Kachess Drought Relief Pumping Plant''.</ref>). Results can be found in the referenced report.

There was a study done on food web interactions in Kachess and Keechelus reservoirs, which looked at 1) food web structure, 2) foraging and growth environment for bull trout and kokanee and 3) consumption demand vs. food supply for key predators and prey (Hansen et al. 2017<ref name=":0" />). 1) Results showed that the Kachess Reservoir food web is supported by more benthic and littoral production compared with Keechelus lake (pelagic). The primary forage base for bull trout was found to be pelagic oriented fish like kokanee and other salmonids. Kokanee were listed as a significant prey source for bull trout, which themselves primarily fed on Daphnia, when available. 2) Measurable thermal stratification occurs in the summer, peaking in July and breaking down in October. Epilimnetic temperatures (20-22°C) can significantly reduce growth potential of kokanee and bull trout. Daphnia concentration peaked in April-June in Kachess and the organisms concentration was highest in the epilimnion, potentially limiting access by predators due to temperature limitations. Mature kokanee were found to be vulnerable to predation by burbot and pikeminnow during their pre-spawn period. This time period is also when bull trout are nearshore, increasing potential competition. 3) Feeding rates of bull trout (estimated from a bioenergetics model) are not limited by foraging opportunities under contemporary conditions (annual stocking of ~365,000 kokanee) and the kokanee population could support a larger number of bull trout in the reservoir (Hansen et. al 2017<ref name=":0" />).

USFWS conducted a study at Kachess Reservoir between 2022-2023 that detailed the implications for bull trout distribution and fish passage under drought conditions and reservoir drawdown (Hamilton et. al 2025<ref name=":2">Hamilton, B., Cunningham, C., Beebe, B., Haskell, C., & Romine, J. (2026). Drought and reservoir drawdown: Implications for bull trout distribution and passage. ''Environmental Biology of Fishes''. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-025-01775-8</nowiki></ref>). They concluded that bull trout distribution was impacted in a drought year, and that distribution shifted south, to "Big Kachess" where there was more lentic habitat available. There were no movements across the Kachess Narrows into "Little Kachess" after July 2023, indicating a barrier to movement and reduced spawning potential. This was not true in 2022, a non drought year.

=== Entrainment ===
In 2011, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Kachess Dam. A screw trap and a fyke net were deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-June through mid-October. Nearly 2,700 fish were captured during the course of the study representing 16 species, but no bull trout were collected (Arden Thomas, USBR, pers comm). However, the USFWS has encountered five entrained Bull Trout below Kachess Dam since 2022: three rescue and rear fish presumably from the Kachess River, one untagged fish of Kachess River origin, and one Gold Creek-origin fish entrained at Keechelus Dam. A single Box Canyon Creek origin bull trout has been collected at the base of Keechelus Dam (Haskell et al. 2022<ref>Haskell, C., Romine, J., & Von Bargen, J. (2022). ''Tieton and Upper Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project: 2021 Progress Report'' (p. 26). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mid-Columbia Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Upper-Yakima-and-Tieton-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2021_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>). An antenna array is now maintained directly downstream of Keechelus dam that has since detected a single La Salle bull trout, presumably of Kachess River origin entrained at Kachess Dam (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b<ref>Beebe, B., Cunningham, C., Hamilton, B., & Haskell, C. (2025). ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2024 Progress Report'' [Progress]. USFWS, MCFWCO. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Yakima-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2024_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>). A similar antenna below Kachess Dam in the lower Kachess River is needed.

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
Threat Severity: Significant

Kachess Dam is a complete passage barrier to upstream migration. The Kachess Narrows have also proved to limit fish passage in drought years (Hamilton et. al 2025).

==== Entrainment ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

Although only four individual bull trout with genetic origin from the upper Kachess River have been encountered below Kachess dam, any loss of individuals to entrainment might impact the population. There is a distinct lack of tagged fish from the Box Canyon Creek population, making entrainment studies difficult.

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

Kachess Reservoir FMO habitat does not dewater, but dewatering in key migration corridors (Kachess Narrows, mouths of Box Canyon Creek and the upper Kachess River) do occur at low pool elevations.

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant

Water quality studies have shown Kachess Reservoir to have the highest clarity and most nutrient-poor water in the YRB (Lieberman and Hiebert 2003). This indicates forestry practices (current and historic) are not impacting water quality. One concern is the lack of forest thinning and ladder fuel reduction, which may result in a catastrophic wildfire, potentially threatening Kachess FMO habitat.

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There are no agriculture or grazing threats to Kachess FMO habitat.

==== Recreation ====
Threat Severity: Unknown

The majority of recreational impacts probably occur on the West side of the reservoir in and around Kachess Campground. The campground has ~100 developed campsites and stays busy throughout the summer season. There is a motorized and a non-motorized boat launch, so water activities are popular including fishing, boating, kayaking, stand up paddle boarding and swimming. There has been a substantial increase in outdoor recreation since 2020, with people new to the activity not knowing best practices like "Leave no Trace." Impacts are unquantified but downstream effects of trash, human feces, etc. may impact water quality.

The East side of the reservoir has an unpaved USFS road (4818) that also allows access to the Southern side of the reservoir. There are several access points and dispersed camping areas (i.e. "Freeloader Beach"). The USFS has observed an increase in resource damage and garbage, etc. on this side of the reservoir.

==== Roads and Development ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There are approximately 5 miles of road along the West shore of Kachess Reservoir to allow access to housing developments and the campground. This road is not thought to have negative population effects. Housing and the campground are probably not impacting bull trout negatively.

The East side of the reservoir has an unpaved USFS road (4818) that also allows access to the Southern side of the reservoir. There are several access points and dispersed camping areas

==== Mining ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

Copper mining occurred in the upper Mineral Creek watershed but there is no current threat from mining to Kachess FMO habitat.

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant

Brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir, Box Canyon Creek and the upper Kachess River and may be abundant in some of the tributaries, including Lodge Creek. The distribution in the watershed is not fully understood but two different surveys indicated that they are abundant in Lodge Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). A one-night survey of Thetis Creek and Gale Creek in 2014 suggest that brook trout are not in Gale Creek, but one char was seen in Thetis Creek (unknown whether bull trout or brook trout). An electrofishing survey in the unnamed tributary on the northwest side of the reservoir found zero fish. Only six brook trout have been observed in the upper Kachess River during demographic surveys, and seven brook trout in Box Canyon Creek. Hybridization has not been documented in either population of bull trout. When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys in Box Canyon Creek, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they do not appear to be abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.

==== Other Invasive Species ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

There are no other invasive species impacting Kachess Reservoir FMO habitat.

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

A 2017 study in Kachess Reservoir found that feeding rates of bull trout are not limited by foraging opportunities and that the prey base in the reservoir could support larger populations of bull trout (Hansen et al. 2017). The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess and should continue. These stocked kokanee probably make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production after the construction of Kachess Dam.

Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017), resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022).

==== Disease ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

No instances of disease have been reported.

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

With a conservation pool of around 585,000 acre feet, there is significant volume of water remaining even under full-draw down conditions. However, some bull trout may be drawn to the "Big Kachess" basin under drought conditions where there are fewer habitat limitations (Hamilton et. al 2025). This reduces spawning potential when there are potential passage barriers (thermal or lack of water) at The Narrows.

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
Threat Severity: Unknown

Despite adequate depth refuge from unfavorable surface water temperatures, the onset of thermal stratification may be sooner and extend longer under warmer and dryer climate conditions. This may cause changes in predator-prey dynamics and migration abilities to the spawning grounds.

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant

Fishing is popular in Kachess Reservoir, but the target species is primarily kokanee. A WDFW creel survey at Kachess Reservoir in 2022 observed no harvested bull trout throughout the busy summer season (Divens 2026). However, three bull trout were reported caught and released by anglers, which equated to an estimated 28 in total. An additional 11 fish were reported caught, unidentified and released, some of which were possibly bull trout. It is likely that some portion of the bull trout caught and released by anglers succumbed to hooking mortality. Low reservoir population numbers may limit the number of bull trout encountered by anglers. Angler education on bull trout identification and angling regulations seems to help reduce the number of bull trout lost to recreational angling (Divens 2026). While the exact impact of fishing/poaching is unknown, it is not zero. With the population trend for Kachess River and Box Canyon Creek bull trout, any level of catch or harassment could have significant negative impacts.

Additionally, many BTWG members have personal experience and observation that indicates illegal fishing may occur near staging areas (mouth of Box Canyon and Kachess Rivers) and at night, when bull trout are more active. However, it is anecdotal and not well documented. More research needs to be done to understand the impacts of angling to these populations.

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
Threat Severity: Insignificant

Research in Kachess Reservoir FMO habitat was limited to an acoustic telemetry study between 2020-2023. Acoustic receivers were placed within the reservoir to detect sound signals from individual tags. Receivers were visited via boat and removed upon the end of the study when tag batteries were dead.

=== Other Threats ===
==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
The primary threats facing bull trout in Kachess Reservoir FMO habitat are related to lack of volitional fish passage at Kachess Dam, entrainment through the dam, and potential passage issues at the Kachess Narrows.

== Bull Trout Recovery Actions for Kachess FMO ==
Kachess FMO Action #1: Provide connectivity at Kachess Dam

Kachess FMO Action #2: Assess and address the passage issues at the Kachess Narrows

Kachess FMO Action #3: Limit entrainment at Kachess Dam

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
Ongoing research at the Kachess Narrows to understand:

A) factors influencing movement (i.e. temperature, physical habitat, food availability, etc.).

B) general fish passage conditions between August and October.

== Update Notes ==
2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in November 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Kachess Populations small group. Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Kachess Lake Bull Trout Population Group

2026-03-26T21:13:33Z

ATaylor: /* Population Monitoring */

=== Overview ===
The Kachess Reservoir Population Group consists of two bull trout populations that occupy tributaries to Kachess Reservoir. Detailed information on each of these can be found here:

Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population

Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population

These two adfluvial populations make use of shared foraging, migration and overwintering (FMO) habitat in Kachess Reservoir, and historically may have used downstream habitat in the Yakima River watershed. Information on conditions, threats and actions for this shared FMO habitat are detailed in the Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat page.

=== Population Genetics ===
Despite a short distance of ~4 miles between the two spawning tributaries, samples from Kachess River bull trout and Box Canyon Creek bull trout had a high level of genetic variance between populations (Small et al. 2009<ref name=":0">Small, M. P., Hawkins, D., & Von Bargen, J. (2009). ''WDFW Yakima bull trout report. Phase 3: Genetic Analysis of Yakima Basin Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus)''. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Small_et_al_2009.doc</nowiki></ref>). The genetic differences were stronger than populations that share Rimrock Reservoir FMO habitat where the spawning tributaries are separated by a similar geographic distance. The Kachess and Box Canyon effective population sizes are the lowest in the basin (Small et al. 2009<ref name=":0" />) and the populations in Kachess Reservoir spawn in different locations at different times due to environmental conditions, like the annual dewatering in the Upper Kachess River. Spatial and temporal differences in spawning, in addition to small effective population size (e.g. genetic drift) likely maintain the genetic differences between these populations (Small et. al 2009<ref name=":0" />).

Gold Creek is geographically closer than many of the other Yakima Basin populations, but the samples from Gold Creek were still highly differentiated from the Box Canyon and Kachess River populations. Dams have prevented movement between these populations since the early 1900's, but the genetic structure of the upper Yakima populations pre-dates dam construction, probably because of dewatering in Gold Creek and the upper Kachess River limited the effective population sizes, and thus increased genetic drift (Small et. al 2009<ref name=":0" />). Ongoing genetic isolation probably continues to increase genetic differentiation between the Kachess Reservoir populations and the Gold Creek population.

Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations was reduced by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912. Recent work by USFWS (Beebe et. al 2024<ref>Beebe, B., Cunningham, C., Haskell, C., & Romine, J. (2024). ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2022 Progress Report'' [Progress]. USFWS, MCFWCO. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Upper-Yakima-and-Tieton-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2022_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>) indicates entrainment continues to occur in the Yakima Basin, and it is well-documented at Keechelus Dam. Only five bull trout have been encountered by USFWS below Kachess Dam, with one of those originating from Gold Creek. With the extirpation of the Teanaway population and numerous downstream habitat limitations, it is unlikely entrained fish from the Upper Yakima River populations are exchanging genetics with Naches fluvial bull trout populations. However, there have been occasional sightings of bull trout in the Yakima River Canyon and at Roza Dam, so it is not impossible. Fish entrained through Kachess and Keechelus dams are able to spawn in the mainstem Yakima River between Easton Reservoir and Keechelus Reservoir. There have been redd surveys conducted in this reach in several years, but it is difficult to quantify bull trout redds in this reach due to other fall spawning salmonids occurring at the same time.

''[Placeholder for new information on La Salle genetics and related implications]''

=== Population Monitoring ===
Between 2020-2022 USFWS and a CWU graduate student conducted an acoustic telemetry study of bull trout spatiotemporal movements in Kachess Reservoir which described the behavior and home range of sub-adult adfluvial bull trout. The tagged individuals were rescued as fry from the Upper Kachess River, reared at the Yakama Nation La Salle facility, and released at sub-adult sizes into the reservoir. Results showed that temperature was the main predictor of fish depth, and that bull trout in the reservoir tended to avoid spending time in water warmer than 10°C for extended periods. Once the temperature stratification in the reservoir broke down in mid-October, sub-adult bull trout exhibited daily vertical migrations between 0 - 45 meters depth on average. The home ranges varied for individual fish, some made wide ranging movements throughout the reservoir, and some remained in a small ~1 km sq area throughout the study (Taylor 2022<ref>Taylor, A. (2022). ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-adult Adfluvial Bull Trout'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

The USFWS continued the above acoustic telemetry study and discerned differences between a non-drought (2022) and a drought year (2023). The study found that although The Narrows becomes a complete fish passage barrier when Kachess Reservoir water surface elevation drops below 2199.5 ft. (USBR and Ecology 2016<ref>USBR, & Ecology. (2016). ''Kachess Reservoir Bull Trout Passage Appraisal Report''. Yakima River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management Plan. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Kachess-Reservoir-Bull-Trout-Passage-Appraisal-Report.pdf</nowiki></ref>), it can also become a thermal barrier beforehand that restricts fish between Big and Little Kachess basins and limits access to spawning tributaries in Little Kachess. The study found that during 2022, fish moved across The Narrows in both directions, but in 2023, most tagged fish moved south of The Narrows by mid-summer and no crossings occurred after July. Fish used in the study were 36 juvenile Bull Trout rescued from the upper Kachess River and reared at La Salle over the winter (Hamilton et al., 2025<ref>Hamilton, B., Cunningham, C., Beebe, B., Haskell, C., & Romine, J. (2026). Drought and reservoir drawdown: Implications for bull trout distribution and passage. ''Environmental Biology of Fishes''. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-025-01775-8</nowiki></ref>).

=== Shared Threats ===
Find shared threats to the Kachess bull trout Populations under the [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page.

=== Shared Recovery Actions ===
Recovery actions for individual populations and shared FMO are highlighted on the corresponding pages.

== Update Notes ==
This page was created during the 2025 BTAP update and was populated with some information from the 2012 BTAP.

== References ==

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-18T20:52:00Z

ATaylor: /* Restoration Actions */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-18T20:49:29Z

ATaylor: /* Restoration Actions */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-13T19:05:39Z

ATaylor: /* Field Habitat Surveys */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-13T18:45:34Z

ATaylor: /* Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-13T18:13:55Z

ATaylor: /* Fisheries Impacts */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-13T18:08:25Z

ATaylor: /* Brook Trout */

File:Gold Mean August Temp 2023-2025.png

2026-03-13T18:07:23Z

ATaylor:

Gold Creek mean August temperatures show warming from upstream to downstream

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-12T23:58:18Z

ATaylor: /* Mining */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-12T22:54:09Z

ATaylor: /* Restoration Actions */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-12T22:53:18Z

ATaylor: /* Recreation */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-12T22:29:39Z

ATaylor: /* Fish Passage Barriers */

File:Gold Creek aerial before and after logging.png

2026-03-12T22:04:17Z

ATaylor:

Gold Creek aerial before and after logging

File:Gold Creek underpass by Matt Johnson.webp

2026-03-12T21:32:27Z

ATaylor:

Drone picture of I-90 crossing gold creek, showing the wildlife underpass

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-12T18:07:25Z

ATaylor: /* Population Status and Trend */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-11T21:11:14Z

ATaylor: /* Field Habitat Surveys */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-11T20:16:47Z

ATaylor: /* Population Status and Trend */

File:Gold Lower Falls.jpg

2026-03-11T19:51:03Z

ATaylor:

waterfall

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-11T18:02:10Z

ATaylor:

File:Gold Creek Redds 1984-2025..png

2026-03-11T17:56:17Z

ATaylor:

Gold Creek redd counts are highly variable between 1984-2025

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-11T15:13:56Z

ATaylor: /* Overview */

Gold Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-10T18:31:35Z

ATaylor: Dumped 2012 text in

== Overview ==
Gold Creek is one of several tributaries of Keechelus Lake, the uppermost storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin. Keechelus was a natural lake prior to the construction of Keechelus Dam on its outlet in 1917. The dam is the upstream terminus of the Yakima River, which continues 214 river miles downstream to the Columbia River. At full pool the reservoir holds 158,000 acre-feet of water with a surface area of 2562 acres. The dam is a complete barrier to migration isolating the only population of bull trout residing in Keechelus Lake, which spawns in Gold Creek. As is the case for the other adfluvial populations in the Yakima Basin the potential exists for individuals to be entrained through the unscreened outlet works of the dam and permanently displaced downstream.

Gold Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Keechelus Lake at its northern end. About 6.8 miles of Gold Creek is accessible to migratory fish up to a barrier waterfall. A bedrock cascade about a half-mile below this barrier may also impede upstream migration (Craig 1997). A little less than half of the stream’s length below the waterfall is in the wilderness. Once Gold Creek exits the wilderness land use is a mix of National Forest, State and private. In this reach the channel typically dewaters intermittently during August and September in a section beginning just above the outlet of Gold Creek Pond at RM 0.6. The length of stream which dewaters varies, but the affected reach has been observed to extend for up to two miles upstream (Craig 1997).

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Gold Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. It is possible that a resident component exists as well although this has not been confirmed. The spawning area extends from the barrier waterfall downstream to the lake but bull trout usually spawn above the wilderness boundary if migration is possible through the reach below. Spawning is infrequently observed between the bedrock cascade and the waterfall. A major avalanche occurred sometime during the early spring of 2008 completely covering about a quarter-mile section of Gold Creek with large wood and rock debris, earth, snow, and ice. The affected reach was in the wilderness 3.75 miles above Keechelus Lake. It was feared that passage would be blocked to spawning habitat above it. This has fortunately not proven true as redds were found in and above the avalanche zone the following fall and in the two years following that. Rearing juveniles are present throughout the length of the stream. Keechelus Lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (Figure 23). Timing of migration into Gold Creek is dependent on continuous stream flow during the late summer period. Some adult fish begin to move into the stream in late July to mid-August; in years when dewatering occurs there is a subset of adults that migrate after the stream rewaters with fall rains (James 2002a).

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====

=== Population Genetics ===

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first official documentation of the presence of bull trout in Keechelus Lake comes from 1982 when WDFW captured five adults in gill nets (Mongillo 1982). As noted above, spawning surveys in Gold Creek were initiated two years later and consistent monitoring of the Gold Creek bull trout population began. Other than these spawning surveys Gold Creek did not receive much attention until 1996 when CWU graduate student Scott Craig investigated habitat conditions affecting bull trout spawning areas in the creek (Craig 1997). To do so he used the redd count data collected during the annual spawning surveys.

CWU researcher Paul James studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Gold Creek population (James 2002a). To determine outmigration timing he attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout in the channel adjacent to Gold Creek Pond in 1999 without success. They did manage to trap three adults (and one juvenile) in 2000. That same year his crew conducted four daytime snorkel surveys to determine migration timing, observing 16 adults in the creek by the end of July. The stream became intermittently dewatered in late August, and he documented a few adults unable to migrate upstream of the Gold Creek Pond. Also in 2000, William Meyer conducted nine nighttime snorkel surveys in Gold Creek between 19 July and 9 November. He observed both adults and juvenile bull trout and reported juvenile densities lower than those observed in the upper Kachess River by 25-50% (Meyer 2002).

In 2001, snorkel surveys were conducted in Gold Creek by Yuki Reiss to capture juvenile bull trout and obtain genetic samples. Twenty samples were obtained, less than the number generally desired (30) to establish a genetic baseline Reiss (2003). The USFWS and WDFW returned to the creek in 2010 to collect additional genetic samples to supplement this baseline (See genetics baseline).

WDFW day and night snorkeled and electroshocked Gold Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail with Peterson et al. (2005) providing final analysis.

In 2010, the USBR conducted an entrainment study directly below Keechelus dam. A screw trap was deployed in the river channel to capture fish entrained through the outlet works of the dam and passed to the river below. The sampling was done over a range of flow releases from mid-May through August. A total of 526 fish were captured during the course of the study, representing at least 11 species but no bull trout were collected (USBR 2010).

==== Redd Surveys ====
The spawning period for the Gold Creek population begins in early September and can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from the FS Road 4832 bridge up to the barrier waterfall. Redd counts have been highly variable (Figure 22). This probably reflects, at least in part, the migration difficulties that spawners frequently encounter as a result of the near annual dewatering of the channel. Years of low, medium, or high counts generally do not cluster. This makes it impossible to identify a population trend but it would be accurate to classify the Gold Creek population as small and vulnerable.

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (USFWS 1998) considers the Keechelus subpopulation (i.e., Gold Creek) to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. WDFW rates the status of the Keechelus Lake stock as critical (WDFW 2004).

Results of genetic analyses show the Gold Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Initial genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juvenile bull trout during a snorkel surveys conducted in 2001 (Reiss 2003). Additional samples were collected in 2010 by the USFWS. Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Yakima River fluvial system was eliminated by the construction of Keechelus Dam in 1917.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on Gold Creek range from 2,530 feet at its mouth to around 3,500 feet at the barrier waterfall. Approximately 3.2 miles of the stream is in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness; the remainder flows mostly through National Forest lands with some State (former Plum Creek Timber Company) and private ownership in the lower 1.5 miles. Gold mining occurred in the upper part of the watershed in the late 1800s and early 1900s (prior to wilderness designation). It is unknown what impact these operations may have had on Gold Creek. From 1968 thru the mid-1980s extensive commercial logging of old growth occurred adjacent to the creek in the lower mile. Some of the logged lands were subsequently sold by Plum Creek and subdivided; a large number of seasonal-use private cabins are now present on the east side of Gold Creek between RM 1.5 and 1.8. The lower mile of the creek sustained a major impact in the late-1970s when gravel was mined from the floodplain for the construction of Interstate 90. The major current land use activity in the watershed is recreation. No campgrounds are present in the watershed, and dispersed campsites are not an issue.

The upper portion of Gold Creek from the barrier waterfall to about two miles below the wilderness boundary contains excellent habitat conditions for bull trout. For about a quarter-mile mile below this point several of the cabins mentioned above are located close to the stream’s banks; mature riparian vegetation has been removed and the banks have become unstable. As a result property owners have made efforts to stabilize them to the detriment of instream habitat quality. Heavy equipment has operated in the channel, fine sediment has been mobilized, LWD has been removed, and the channel has been redirected in places. Downstream of the development the stream channel becomes progressively wider and more braided. Riffle habitat containing coarse substrate materials (cobbles and boulders) is predominant, and LWD is less prevalent; what is present is often isolated on cobble bars. The active base-flow channel is primarily located a significant distance from any riparian influence and intermittent dewatering frequently occurs in the reach.

The most serious effects of past land use practices on Gold Creek are in the lower mile of the creek. As a result of past old-growth harvest, almost no key pieces of LWD (i.e., large and immobile) are present to stabilize the channel and stream banks (Haring 2001). The creek has essentially “mined” those banks, increasing bed load and creating a channel that is extensively braided with widths frequently exceeding 200 feet (Meyer 2002). The channel dewatering prevents migrating adult bull trout from reaching spawning habitat upstream and can strand adult and juveniles present in the reach. Wissmar and Craig (1997) documented stranding mortality in Gold Creek in 1993 and 1994, estimating that 63% and 24%, respectively, of adult post-spawn bull trout died in these years. The loss of continuous surface flow is practically an annual event, which typically occurs in parts of August and September (Thomas 2001b; Meyer 2002). A dry streambed is usually first encountered just above RM 0.6 where the outlet of Gold Creek Pond enters the creek. The affected reach extends upstream a variable distance, which has been observed to be as much as two miles (Craig 1997). It characteristically has very short sections of flowing water and isolated pools indicating the stream is flowing not far below the surface of its bed. The causal mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been formally investigated but it is suspected that, in addition to channel condition, excavation of the 22-acre gravel pit (Gold Creek Pond) as well as other anthropomorphic hydrologic disturbances have occurred on the lower east side of the Gold Creek valley and are contributing factors. Often overlooked because of the problems upstream are potential passage problems on the reservoir bed. By late summer Keechelus Lake is depleted, and Gold Creek flows for a considerable distance (0.50-0.75 mile) across the exposed reservoir bed. The channel becomes extensively braided, and the main channel is poorly defined.

FMO habitat for the Gold Creek bull trout population is in Keechelus Lake. There is no shoreline development and water sports activities on the lake are believed to influence habitat quality. While the active pool of reservoir is significantly depleted over the course of the irrigation season (up to 94%), a conservation pool of over 156,000 acre-feet remains which cannot be accessed.

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
The Forest Service constructed a spawning channel between Gold Creek Pond and Gold Creek in 1972 and 1992. Goetz (1997) monitored the relationship between habitat and bull trout juvenile rearing. Mongillo (1982) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Keechelus Reservoir. USBR examined Keechelus Lake limnology from 1998-2001, and data are reported in Ackerman et al. (2002).

Sediment samples were collected in 1990. Fine sediment levels averaged 4.7-13.2% across the three reaches that were sampled (Mayo 1998). The Forest Service completed a stream survey of seven 100 meter sections of Gold Creek in 1998, using Timber, Fish and Wildlife protocol (USFS 1998b). Channel type, LWD, flow, temperature, bankfull width, and pool/riffle ratios were measured during this survey. In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Gold Creek watershed, including an aquatic rating.

Craig (1997) monitored habitat conditions that affect bull trout spawning in several Yakima Basin spawning tributaries including Gold Creek. Dewatering often prevents upstream and downstream migration of adult bull trout in Gold Creek. Thomas (Thomas 2001b) summarized dates, years, flows, and reservoir elevations when Gold Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. Similar data for Coal, Cold, and Meadow creeks, and Keechelus Lake tributaries was summarized.

Willey (2007) collected 2005-2007 temperature data in Gold Creek. Gold Creek was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed during the summer low flow period at three sites in 2007 and two other sites in 2010 (USFS 2011b). Consistent temperature data are a monitoring gap.

Threats from 2012 BTAP -

One of the highest severity threats to this population is the frequent channel dewatering within the spawning reach that results in direct mortality and limits access to spawning habitat upstream. Other high severity threats include low population abundance and the passage barrier at Keechelus Dam. Other threats include illegal angling in Keechelus Lake, development in the lower reaches of Gold Creek, entrainment at Keechelus Dam, lack of marine derived nutrients, and documented introgression with brook trout.

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not thought to be significant. Interstate-90 crosses Gold Creek at its mouth (when the reservoir is at full pool) significantly impacting floodplain function; however effects on bull trout are unknown. Agriculture, altered flows, grazing, limited habitat, and mining are not present in this population area.

==== Stream Temperature Data ====

==== Restoration Actions ====

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity:''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity:''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity'':

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Other changes in hydrology ====

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'':

=== Other Threats ===
''Low Population Resiliency''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority action for this population is a hydrologic assessment and subsequent restoration project to connect dewatered sections in the stream, which strand fish and prevent access to spawning grounds. Other high priority actions include passage at Keechelus Dam and an evaluation of supplementation to address low abundance. Other actions to address threats include outreach, protection from future development and carcass analog placement if a pilot study conducted elsewhere in the basin is successful. There have been documented hybrids in the system, and introgression with brook trout should continue to be monitored, although no large-scale removal actions are recommended at this time.

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* WSDOT purchased 550 acres on west side of lower Gold Creek around 2008 (ownership has since been transferred to the Forest Service).
* The Cascade Land Conservancy has purchased a total of 221 acres on the east side of lower Gold Creek since 2008.
* Length expansion of the Interstate-90 bridge over lower Gold Creek, a WSDOT project benefitting the lower Gold Creek floodplain, is scheduled to be completed in 2012.
* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Gold Creek (see Appendix F).

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====

==== XXXXXXXX River Actions ====

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===

'''''Population Scale'''''

* Gold Creek #1: Conduct comprehensive hydrogeomorphic evaluation in lower Gold Creek to determine the causal mechanisms (and possible solutions) for annual dewatering. Implement solutions if determined to be feasible.

* Gold Creek #2: Gold Creek Floodplain Restoration would include the removal of legacy dikes and road fill from the gravel pit operation, relocation of an ADA-accessible trail away from Gold Creek, relocation of the footbridge out of the floodplain, restoration of hydraulic connectivity through the parking area, and installation of an engineered logjam in Gold Creek (USFS).
* Multiple Populations #4: Evaluate supplementation (see Appendix D).
* Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).
* Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.

* Gold Creek #4: Floodplain acquisition/easements in lower creek corridor.
* Gold Creek #5: Monitor, document, and fix (where possible) passage problems due to dewatering on the reservoir bed on an annual basis.
* Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at dams.

'''''Population Monitoring'''''

* Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

'''''Baseline Habitat Monitoring'''''

* Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.

'''''Implementation Monitoring of Completed and Recommended Actions'''''

* If instream work is completed to address the dewatering issues, monitoring of flows post-treatment will be critical.

'''''Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation'''''

* Gold Creek #3: Monitor all bank stabilization projects that include instream work.
* Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.

'''''Actions Identified in YSRP that would benefit bull trout'''''

(Yakima Basin Fish & Wildlife Recovery Board 2009)

None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format inXXXXXX by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and XXXXXXX small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-03-09T21:23:13Z

ATaylor:

== Overview ==
Box Canyon Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Kachess Reservoir from the northwest near its northern end. The reach accessible to migratory fish is about three miles downstream of the wilderness boundary and entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. This reach is relatively short with an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) located at its upstream end approximately 1.5 miles above the reservoir. No significant tributaries enter the creek in the accessible reach. Complete dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has been known to occur in late summer during dry years when streamflow is low and the reservoir level has dropped significantly due to irrigation demands. ''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to get fish past the dry section.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Box Canyon Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from Peekaboo Falls downstream to Kachess Reservoir. Juvenile rearing occurs in the entire 1.5-mile accessible reach. The lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish ('''FIGURE X - MAP'''). Adult bull trout ''typically'' move into Box Canyon Creek in mid-July to mid-August, prior to spawning, and some fish migrate to the large pool directly below Peekaboo Falls. ''In recent years, however, few adult bull trout have been seen in spot checks at Peekaboo Falls during July and August of 2022-2025 (see [[#Population Monitoring|population monitoring]] section below) (Scott Kline, personal communication). Summer demographic surveys showed only 6 adults in 2022 and 1 adult in 2023 staging in the system prior to spawning. Additionally, fewer adults have been seen staging in the pool below "big pool falls" during the first pass redd surveys (Aimee Taylor, BTTF, and Marc Divens, WDFW, personal communication).''
[[File:PeekabooFalls.jpg|alt=waterfall|thumb|Figure 1: Two BTTF staff (lower left) stand in front of Peekaboo Falls, the upstream passage barrier for bull trout on Box Canyon Creek.]]

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
''There is an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) at 47.37606, -121.2584672 about 1.5 miles upstream of the reservoir (Figure 1). There have been many discussions about the feasibility of introducing bull trout above Peekaboo Falls to increase spawning and rearing habitat. See [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion]] for more information.''

=== Population Genetics ===
''Early'' results of genetic analyses show''ed'' the Box Canyon Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey in 2001 (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Yakima River fluvial system was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912.

''From 2019-2021, the USFWS collected five adults of Box Canyon Creek genetic origin, four adults of Kachess River-origin, and two adults with mixed origin probabilities in Box Canyon Creek. An additional Box Canyon Creek origin fish was collected below Keechelus Dam in 2021. One of the Box Canyon Creek-origin fish collected in 2020 was recaptured at Peekaboo Falls in 2021. Two of the fish had mixed origin probabilities: one fish had a 0.90 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.10 probability of Kachess River origin while another had a 0.53 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.47 probability of Kachess River origin. These mixed probabilities suggest genetic introgression considering the absence of barriers between spawning populations and the relatively large number of Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek. An updated baseline assessment with contemporary genetic samples is needed as none have been collected since 2021.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first known documentation of bull trout inhabiting Kachess Reservoir came in 1941 from creel data collected by WDFW (then known as the Washington Department of Game) between 1937 and 1966. Interestingly, very few bull trout (referred to as Dolly Varden) entered the creel during that time period. In 1982, four bull trout were captured by the agency in gillnets set in the lake (Mongillo 1982), and that same year the species was observed, apparently for the first time, by snorkelers in Box Canyon Creek. As noted above, spawning surveys were initiated two years later, beginning the period of consistent monitoring of the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population that continues today. In 1994, Plum Creek Timber Company conducted night snorkel surveys, observing cutthroat and bull trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995).

The Forest Service conducted snorkel surveys in Box Canyon Creek in 1991 and 1993, observing relatively small numbers of bull trout. CWU researcher Paul James unsuccessfully attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout near the mouth of the creek in 1999; the next year he observed adults while snorkeling in the summer to determine spawn migration timing (James 2002a).

CWU graduate students Yuki Reiss and William Meyer both spent time snorkeling Box Canyon Creek. Reiss captured 31 juvenile bull trout and collected genetic samples in 2001 (Reiss 2003), and Meyer observed both juveniles and adults in 2000 and 2001, ultimately electing not to use these data in his thesis work (William Meyer, WDFW, pers comm).

A 2011 entrainment study found no bull trout directly below Kachess Dam see [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on that effort. ''The USFWS has attempted to collect entrained bull trout below Kachess and Keechelus dams since 2019 but has only collected a single Box Canyon Creek origin bull trout - a 720 mm fish collected at the base of Keechelus Dam (Haskell et al. 2022).''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 56% of the habitat below Peekaboo Falls and ranging between 40% and 100%. In the first 4 years, we found 67% to 100% of the bull trout fry (yoy) in the lower 0.6 miles of habitat. Fry were disproportionately distributed in the lower reaches of the stream even when the distribution of redds would suggest some should be found in the upper reaches. Also, Box Canyon has some of the lowest densities of fry relative to other similar studies on bull trout. The habitat survey showed that this lower reach habitat is higher gradient with less spawning habitat than the 1 mile of accessible habitat in the upper reach, and that the whole 1.6 miles is deficient in large woody material. This information lead to a hypothesis that'' ''Box Canyon has poor recruitment from fry to older age classes because high flows in this stream scour redds and force fry downstream to the reservoir where they do not survive, or if they do hold in this lower reach, have limited rearing habitat because they are blocked from using the upper reach by a juvenile barrier known as Big Pool Falls.''

''Following a large wood habitat project designed to create velocity refuge for fry and allow them to maintain position throughout the creek during high flows, WDFW continued demographic surveys from 2020 to 2023. WDFW found that the fry distribution shifted to the upper reaches of Box Canyon Creek, making them less susceptible to being flushed out of the creek at high flows and utilizing more of the habitat Box Canyon has to offer. It was also found that more juvenile fish were observed throughout Box Canyon Creek, suggesting juvenile fish also benefitted from the habitat project.''

''Sporadic checks of bull trout abundance were made by snorkeling the pool below Peekaboo Falls to help understand the timing of upstream migration and what opportunities that location might provide for a source of fish to reintroduce above Peekaboo Falls. Multiple checks of bull trout abundance there were completed in 2000 (W. Meyer), 2020 (USFWS,WDFW), 2021 (USFWS,WDFW), 2022 (WDFW,MCFEG), and 2023 (WDFW,MCFEG). While over a dozen have been observed at once in 2000 and 2004, no more than 7 bull trout have been observed there at one time in the 2020s.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (~0.2 km upstream from the mouth depending on pool level) and temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed to allow passage from the reservoir to the creek during periods of low flow. They also maintain antennas in the upper Kachess River (upstream of Kachess Reservoir) near the mouth and 1 km upstream of the reservoir. During low water years an additional temporary antenna is also maintained at Kachess Narrows. An antenna array is maintained directly downstream of Keechelus Dam that has detected bull trout from both Kachess River and Box Canyon Creek populations entrained at Kachess Dam (Beebe et al. 2025).'' ''A similar antenna is needed below Kachess Dam to better assess the magnitude of entrainment of Kachess populations at Kachess Dam.''

''PIT-tagged Box Canyon Creek fish come from two sources: 1) adult bull trout collected during trap and haul work that were entrained at Kachess Dam but collected below Keechelus Dam, and 2), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021. Sporadic attempts to collect and tag fish in Box Canyon Creek during other years have been unsuccessful. A relatively large number of Kachess River-origin fish have been detected at PIT-tag monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, but only seven Box Canyon Creek bull trout have been PIT tagged and therefore detections are limited primarily to Kachess River fish. Of the seven Box Canyon Creek origin fish PIT-tagged by USFWS in 2020 and 2021, three were last detected in lower Box Canyon Creek in 2022.''

''During 2023 and 2024, 25 bull trout were detected at PIT-tag sites in lower Box Canyon Creek, all of which were of Kachess River-origin. Two were detected July 10 and 18, while the rest were detected in October and November. No fish were detected in August and September when mean daily water temperature was about 15 °C. Seven were later detected in the Kachess River and two of the seven returned to Box Canyon Creek a second time.'' ''Kachess River fish may enter Box Canyon Creek as early as July with the Kachess River mouth inaccessible until it rewaters in the fall.. Six of the nine fish detected in the flume were later detected at the Box Canyon Creek antenna array indicating that some fish, though not in their natal stream, were successfully navigating the Box Canyon Creek mouth and entering the lower creek via the flume (Beebe et al. 2024, Beebe et al. 2025a, 2025b).''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Box Canyon Redd Graph Through 2025.png|thumb|Figure 2. Box Canyon Creek Redd Counts 1984 - 2025]]
The spawning period for the Box Canyon Creek population begins in early September and can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from just upstream of Kachess Reservoir to Peekaboo Falls. Redd counts have been highly variable ''(Figure 2)''. Over the first ten years of surveys, the counts were very low including three years when none were observed. This was probably due in large part to limited adult access to the creek as several years from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s were drought years in the Yakima Basin. The chronic passage problems that occur at the mouth were not yet fully recognized or monitored at that time. ''The first emergency fish passage flume was constructed on Box Canyon Creek in 2001, to allow passage from the reservoir during periods of low flow. Since that time, passage near the mouth is monitored regularly and a flume is constructed if it is deemed necessary for bull trout passage.'' Since 1996 the average number of bull trout redds found in Box Canyon Creek has been ''9'' (''this average includes several years where some survey passes were not possible due to high flows''). ''Redd surveyors attempt three passes in Box Canyon Creek, but high flows often thwart survey attempts late in the season.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''In 2017, as part of a broader eDNA project, Box Canyon Creek was used as a control location for a collection of seven samples (Parrish 2017). Three samples were collected below Peekaboo Falls, and analysis showed results as "positive" for bull trout presence. An additional four samples were collected upstream of Peekaboo Falls at one kilometer intervals, with results showing "negative" for bull trout. Despite several redd surveys in the 1980's and 1990's, extensive snorkel surveys in 2017, and the eDNA samples mentioned above, the only documentation of bull trout above Peekaboo Falls occurred during Plum Creek nighttime snorkel surveys in 1994 (Plum Creek 1995).''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998) considered the Kachess subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation included only the Box Canyon Creek local population, as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River nor was a local population recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004).

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on Box Canyon Creek range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to 2,540 feet at the barrier waterfall. This reach is entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest'', with the headwaters originating in Alpine Lakes Wilderness.'' The current primary land use in the watershed is recreation. Logging has occurred in the past and timber harvest is possible in the future. FS Road 4930 runs parallel and fairly close (<100 yards) to the spawning reach for about two-thirds of its length. In the past, a lengthy section of this road (~600 feet) was a chronic source of sediment in the creek but this section was relocated and stabilized in 2006. Road density in the watershed increases further upstream but these former logging roads are not particularly close to the creek and do not appear to be problematic in terms of sediment contribution. Areas along the riparian corridor of Box Canyon Creek were negatively impacted by past timber harvest; these areas have regrown for the most part. Riparian disturbance also resulted from the presence of numerous dispersed campsites. The Forest Service has re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated many of these areas, ''however, dispersed site usage has substantially increased since 2020, and more rehabilitation is needed. Campers at dispersed sites trample and/or cut riparian vegetation, and leave trash and human biological waste that likely washes into the creek.'' Kachess Campground, a large, highly developed campground is located near the mouth of Box Canyon Creek but is not believed to present significant habitat-related issues.

Overall, habitat conditions in Box Canyon Creek are generally considered good, although they do not meet Forest Plan standards in some areas (i.e., LWD and pool depth). Bed and bank stability are good, sediment levels are low, and water temperatures ''have historically been'' suitable for bull trout (Haring 2001). ''The segment of stream accessible to bull trout is relatively high gradient which produces powerful flow events. Due to the confined nature of the stream, there is very little floodplain habitat that acts as velocity refuge. This impacts juvenile rearing capacity, especially below Big Pool Falls and in the "box" section of the canyon.'' Gravels for spawning are adequate for the current population, ''and could probably support a higher abundance of spawners, particularly above Big Pool Falls (BPF).'' ''Below BPF, wood added to the system in 2019 has created more small pockets of gravel, but no substantial spawning beds.'' ''Big Pool Falls is a passage barrier at low flows. From 2015 to 2024, 45% of redds have been created above big pool falls. In the drought years between those years (2015, 19, 22, 23, 24) only 29% of redds were created above big pool falls. In non-drought years in that time period, 63% of redds were created above big pools falls. In 2019, a large wood supplementation project added hundreds of logs into Box Canyon creek (See [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below). Monitoring by WDFW has shown that most of the wood placed in the stream has remained and created additional stable wood jams beyond what was there before. There is more cobble, gravel, and sand in the creek, often associated with these jams (observed during sediment wedge surveys).''

''A major'' concern for this population is the dewatering, ''sheet flows, and shallow braided channels'' that occur in dry years directly upstream of the creek’s mouth. The time period this occurs coincides with the immigration of pre-spawn bull trout. With the reservoir level significantly lowered from irrigation water withdrawal, the mouth is located on the lakebed. Above this point the creek spreads out over unconsolidated sediments on the bed and can go dry up to several hundred yards upstream. These conditions ''have been'' observed in ''2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025'' and required implementation of remedial passage projects to allow pre-spawn bull trout to enter Box Canyon Creek. ''In some other years, a flume was considered but ultimately not installed due to rain in the forecast.''
=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
''Prior to 2017,'' some level of monitoring was done before or during spawning surveys to determine if there was ''appropriate passage for'' pre-spawn adult bull trout to migrate upstream from the reservoir into Box Canyon Creek. Thomas (2007) summarized dates, flows, and reservoir elevations when Box Canyon Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of Box Canyon Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). Redd surveyors make note of potential fish passage barriers (like Big Pool Falls at low-flow) upstream of the reservoir inundation zone.''

Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Box Canyon Creek in 1990. The percent average fine sediment level was found to be 8.2% (Mayo 1998), which would qualify as “functioning appropriately” (USFWS 1999), although these data are from one year only. The Forest Service completed stream surveys on Box Canyon Creek in ''1989, 1995'', and 2002 (USFS 1989; 1995; 2002b) using Hankin and Reeves protocol (Hankin and Reeves 1988). In this survey, data were collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature. In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Box Canyon watershed, including an aquatic rating. Mongillo (1982) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Kachess Reservoir.

''WDFW completed a simplified Hankin and Reeves-style habitat survey in 2016 and 2017 from the mouth to just above the second road crossing (currently closed). See the [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion|Peekaboo Falls supplemental page]] for more details on the results of those surveys. The habitat was deficient in wood and pool density. Sediment wedges were measured throughout the creek below peekaboo falls in 2019 and 2021 to measure conditions before and after the large woody habitat project in 2019. The number of sediment wedges and total volume of sediment wedges increased significantly after the wood project. Detailed Wolman pebble counts were done throughout the creek below Peekaboo Falls in 2019, though no post-restoration counts have been completed. WDFW also completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-August 2016 and two days in mid-September 2016 throughout Box Canyon Creek up to Peekaboo Falls. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level. Though further analysis was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
There ''was'' a long-term monitoring site on Box Canyon Creek and temperature ''was'' recorded via a thermograph deployed during the summer low flow period for most years from 1994-2011 (USFS 2011b). ''USFWS, WDFW, and the Bull Trout Task Force reimplemented temperature monitoring starting in 2016. Monitoring sites include Peekaboo Falls (WDFW 2019-2021, BTTF 2024-2025), 5m falls above the first road crossing (2020-present) and down low near Kachess Campground (2016 - Present).''

''Mean daily water temperature as measured by the USFWS at the PIT antenna array in lower Box Canyon Creek ranges from 0 - 14.7 °C with a maximum of about 15 °C (Beebe et al. 2025). See [[#Current and modeled future temperature conditions|current and modeled future temperature conditions]] section below for graphs and more discussion.''
==== Restoration Actions ====
''In August of 2019, partners worked to install 411 large wood pieces with and without root wads in Box Canyon Creek in 22 locations to create 22 log jams. Eleven log jams were installed below Big Pool Falls and 11 log jams were installed upstream of Big Pool Falls, all downstream of Peekaboo Falls. Remaining wood was placed in the pool of Peek a Boo Falls to help raise water surface elevations to allow for greater potential for fish passage. The goal of this project was to create more high flow refugia for YOY and juvenile bull trout within Box Canyon Creek to allow them to hold instream and avoid being flushed into the reservoir. In the fall of 2019, post implementation, a high flow even mobilized all pieces of wood, creating a smaller number of total log jams that were larger in size. Wood movement was anticipated and not considered undesirable. Ten-fifteen pieces were lost to the reservoir, but all remaining wood stayed in the channel and floodplain, which continues to provide benefits. Total cost for the project was approximately $475K and it took two years for planning and fundraising prior to implementation in 2019.''

''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to'' ''concentrate flows through the dry section near the mouth.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Under low flow conditions, the Box Canyon Creek mouth braids and becomes impassable. Big Pool Falls (about halfway up the accessible habitat) occasionally becomes impassable during low water (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). Passage is limited again 1.5 miles upstream, at Peekaboo Falls, further reducing the available spawning and rearing habitat. WDFW monitors fish passage at the mouth, and constructs a temporary flume when it is deemed necessary (2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, 2025). [[#Habitat Overview | See Habitat Overview]] above for more details.''

''Kachess dam was constructed in 1912 and is a complete passage barrier to upstream migration of bull trout from entrained Kachess Reservoir populations and other populations attempting to access it (e.g., Gold Creek). The Box Canyon Creek bull trout population has been isolated for over 100 years from Gold Creek and other populations downstream of the lower Kachess river and Keechelus Arm.''

''See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on passage issues at the Kachess Narrows.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''The threat of entrainment to Box Canyon Creek fish is likely significant but unknown due to the few tagged fish and the absence of a PIT antenna below Kachess Dam as exists below Keechelus and Clear Creek dams. The mechanism of entrainment is apparently through the outlet works as the spillway gates have not been operated since the early 2000’s (Haskell et al. 2022).Trap and haul downstream of Kachess and Keechelus dams began in 2019. Since that time only one Box Canyon Creek-origin fish has been collected - a 720 mm fish collected below Keechelus Dam. Although the timing of entrainment is unknown, it apparently migrated down to at least Easton Reservoir before returning up the Keechelus Arm to the base of Keechelus Dam where it was collected, transported back to Kachess Reservoir, and released at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek. The fish was PIT tagged and implanted with an acoustic tag for monitoring in Kachess Reservoir and tributaries (Haskell et al. 2022).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''The Box Canyon Creek mouth experiences dewatering during low water years. Shallow, braided channels cut through the reservoir bed which has no vegetation and limited bank stability owing to reservoir fluctuations. The creek carves different pathways each year, resulting in shallow, heavily braided channels that limit fish passage.'' USBR (2008) wrote an appraisal report on potential options for constructing permanent passage and ''USBR has been working on a river delta research project to model different conditions and potential restoration options. Reclamation completed a Hydraulic Modeling Assessment Report and a 60% design package in 2021 describing several features to stabilize the existing stream route (Byrne et al. 2021). Since the KDRPP project is on hold, discussion of Box Canyon restoration has decreased and a project is unlikely to occur. Cultural resource concerns are another reason the project has stalled.''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''In contrast with the Upper Kachess River, logging did not have major impacts on Box Canyon Creek. The part of the creek accessible to bull trout is too steep and confined for clear cutting. Much of the harvest that occurred was in the uplands of the watershed, but some logging occurred near the creek (USFS 2002). The 1996 Box Canyon Watershed Analysis (Cle Elum RD, 1996) reports that 11% of the drainage was altered by timber harvest. The entire watershed is now protected wilderness or USFS land.''

''A greater concern is forest management. There are large stands of timber and significant undergrowth which could result in a high-severity wildfire if fuels are left unmanaged. Forest fires and the resulting sedimentation are a threat to the Box Canyon Creek population.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing near Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek runs through Kachess Campground and the lake bed near the campground. WDFW and BTTF occasionally dissemble rock dams adjacent to the campground, and informational signage has reduced their frequency. Heavy recreation also occurs above Peekaboo Falls and even though bull trout do not have access to those reaches, there may be downstream impacts from the large presence of humans recreating directly next to the stream. Human waste is regularly observed near the stream during redd and habitat surveys. Some harassment may occur as people swim, kayak and boat in or near Box Canyon Creek during summer. Adult bull trout are also subject to harassment at Peekaboo Falls, also known as the "dynamite hole" because of historical attempts to remove bull trout using dynamite. Occasional fishing gear and trash are found near Peekaboo Falls.''

''There has been an overall increase in recreation in this area, particularly since 2020. Kachess residents have noted a decreased responsibility or knowledge in regards to respect for natural resources (John Reeves, personal communication).'' ''The overall impacts of recreation to Box Canyon Creek bull trout are unquantified, but should be better understood in order to guide restoration project proposals.''

''Education and outreach conducted by BTTF near Kachess Campground is ongoing to reduce harassment, illegal fishing, trash, and rock dam construction. However, more emphasis could be placed on the dispersed camping areas upstream of the campground. A report by the Cle Elum Ranger District details specific restoration actions that could occur in Box Canyon, Gale, and Mineral creeks and the Kachess River (Matthews 2016).''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''A USFS road adjacent to Box Canyon Creek could contribute sediment. The road was a problem until 2006, when a portion of it was relocated upslope and stabilized. A five mile section of road along the west shore of Kachess Reservoir allows access to housing and the campground. The road, residential housing, and campground probably don't impact bull trout negatively. Residents report increased illegal road construction and OHV use.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''There is no record of mining in the Box Canyon Creek watershed.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, insignificant''

''Although brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek, the overall distribution is unknown and hybridization with bull trout has not been documented. They are present in Lodge Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). WDFW surveyed Gale and Thetis creeks in 2010 and 2014 and did not find brook trout.'' ''Seven brook trout have been observed during three of the eight years of demographic surveys in Box Canyon Creek .'' ''When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they do not appear to be abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.'' ''Brook trout have not been observed in Box Canyon creek above the partial barrier, Big Pool Falls.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No other invasive species have been observed in Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, Insignificant''

''The prey base in Box Canyon Creek has not been well-studied. However, a fish health study in Box Canyon Creek which primarily looked at disease in cutthroat trout also noted that the fish sampled had "greater than 50% of their pyloric caeca covered in fat deposits and good amounts of body fat" (Kline 2021). This might indicate that cutthroat trout are finding sufficient prey.''

''Hanson et al. (2017) found that bull trout feeding rates are not prey limited, suggesting that Kachess Reservoir could support a larger population of bull trout. The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess'' ''Reservoir and should continue. These stocked kokanee could make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production post- Kachess Dam construction.'' ''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017), resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''Although disease assessments have not been conducted for bull trout, they have been for cutthroat trout.'' ''WDFW and USFWS conducted a cutthroat trout health assessment at Box Canyon Creek where 24 fish were captured below Peekaboo Falls and 30 were captured above the falls (Kline 2021). All fish sampled above and below the falls were negative for six viruses, but about half of the fish tested positive for Bacterial Kidney Disease'' ''(BKD).'' ''BKD is a disease common in wild trout and char, with up to 100% prevalence in some populations (Meyers et al. 2019). BKD can result in slow chronic fish mortality. The level of mortality due to this disease is unknown for Box Canyon Creek bull trout. Additionally,'' ''Hexamida parasite was found in the hindgut of 2/7 cutthroat from below the falls. None of the fish appeared to have reduced body condition or fat deposits due to disease or parasites (Kline 2021).''
=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''
[[File:Box MWMT by Site Year 20251223 v4.png|thumb|Figure 3: Summer water temperatures over time at three monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, 5m Falls (upstream), Peekaboo Falls (middle) and Mouth (downstream). Points show the warmest average temperatures recorded during the summer each year, with lines illustrating year-to-year trends. Variations reflect differences in weather, stream conditions, and water availability that year.]]
''Low flows in the summer could result in elevated water temperatures (Figure 3), and limit fish passage. Dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has occurred in several years over the past two decades. See [[#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish passage barriers]] threat section above for details.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The mean August water temperature modelled by NorWest for "current day" (1993-2011) was 14-16°C in the reach accessible to bull trout (Isaak et al. 2017). Newer observations of mean August temperatures in the same reach are range between 12-15°C., as seen in the [[#Stream Temperature Data |Temperature Monitoring]] section above. Modeled future conditions for 2040 and 2080 show the reach accessible to bull trout in Box Canyon Creek maintaining the 14-16° range, with the exception of the ~500m closest to the reservoir showing predicted temperatures in the 16-18° range (Isaak et al. 2017).''
[[File:Box Detections 2024.png|thumb|Figure 4: Box Canyon Creek PIT antenna operation and bull trout detections in 2024.]]
''The mouth of Box Canyon Creek may act as a thermal barrier for adults entering the tributary to spawn, especially as temperatures rise in the future. A PIT antenna array at the mouth showed few bull trout detections during peak temperatures between mid-July and late-September (Figures 3, 4, Beebe et al. 2024).''

''Juvenile bull trout exposed to water temperature of 12°C for three weeks experience metabolic stress (Best et al. 2025). Mortality of juvenile bull trout spending ~three weeks at 18°C was 20%, whereas it was 2.9% at 15°C. In Box Canyon Creek, future water temperatures will range from 14-16° range , and therefore, bull trout, while unlikely to face direct mortality, may become thermally stressed.''

==== Changes in hydrology ====
''General climate change impacts include reduced snowpack in the Cascade Mountain Range, increased frequency of drought, and an earlier peak run-off period, which will likely culminate in low flows and reduced water quality at Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Water Quality - Other ====
''See above under [[#Recreation|recreation threats]]. There have been observations of human waste and chemicals used for car maintenance close to the creek. The threat severity is unknown. A water quality study would help answer this question.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek, including the portion flowing through the reservoir bed, is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The Bull Trout Task Force prioritizes angler education at Kachess Campground and has never encountered someone with a bull trout. Campers are reminded that the portion of the creek flowing through the lake bed is closed to fishing. On occasion, fishing tackle and trash are found at the base of Peekaboo Falls. "Closed waters" signs are posted and maintained at access points along the creek. Peekaboo Falls is also known by long-time locals as the "dynamite hole" referring to historical attempts to remove bull trout before restrictions were in place . Dynamite was also used at "Bomber Falls" a a 1/4 mile upstream of Peekaboo Falls (Larry Brown, former district biologist, personal communication).''

''Kokanee fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir. A 2022 creel survey at Kachess Reservoir indicated no harvested bull trout during summer (Divens 2026). However, 3 bull trout were caught and released, which equated to an estimated 28 in total. Additionally, 11 unidentified fish were caught and released. It is likely that some portion of the bull trout caught and released by anglers succumbed to hooking mortality. Low reservoir population numbers may limit the number of bull trout encountered by anglers. Angler education on bull trout identification and angling regulations seems to help reduce the number of bull trout lost to recreational angling (Divens 2026). Some impact of fishing/poaching is likely.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Although there has been some research on individuals from the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population, negative impacts to the population are considered minor. Several bull trout were captured near the mouth of the creek and at Peekaboo Falls from 2019-2021 and were surgically implanted with tags for a USFWS acoustic telemetry study. Passive demographic surveys (snorkel) and redd surveys have also been conducted.''

''Some questions are yet to be answered about the implications (genetic and demographic) of the rescue-rear-release program being implemented with Upper Kachess River bull trout. See [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|bull trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] page for more details.''

==== Other Threats ====
''Small population size''

''Loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression''

''Climate Change''

''Limited extent of habitat''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
''The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers in Box Canyon Creek (mouth, Peekaboo, and Big Pool falls) and the reservoir (Kachess Narrows and Kachess Dam). Other potential threats include high water temperatures near the mouth, illegal angling, catch and release mortality, limited habitat due to inundation of lower reaches of Box Canyon Creek, lack of marine derived nutrients, recreation (large campsite at mouth of spawning reach and extensive dispersed recreation), and the potential expansion of brook trout, especially with increasing temperatures from climate change. The threat of inbreeding depression due to small population size is probably also a threat to this population.''

Agriculture, altered flows, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining threats are not present for this population.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority ''actions'' involve ''restoring connectivity'' at the broad scale (at Kachess Dam) and at the local scale through monitoring and ensuring passage at the creek’s mouth ''and through the Kachess Narrows. Passage at Kachess Dam would improve genetic and demographic connectivity.'' Other actions that are identified as a priority are outreach to anglers and recreationists, riparian restoration ''or decommissioning of'' ''dispersed campsites'', and evaluating the feasibility of passage at Peekaboo Falls to provide additional spawning and rearing habitat. Available habitat was reduced when the reservoir was constructed and lower reaches were inundated. I''f passage at Peekaboo Falls is implemented, the threats of harassment, capture via angling, and habitat degradation above the falls would need to be mitigated by changing and enforcing USFS and WDFW regulations.'' ''Box Canyon Creek is a good candidate for additional water quality monitoring and evaluation of the need for nutrient addition.'' A pilot project that would place carcass analogs to address the lack of marine derived nutrients could be beneficial. Salmon have been excluded from this system for ~100 years, there is suitable access for delivering carcasses, and the stream is short enough to allow for extensive data monitoring. ''Pro-active solutions to prevent the spread of brook trout should be considered for Kachess Reservoir'' ([[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat |See Kachess FMO Recovery Strategy]]).

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Water temperature trends near the mouth''

''Nutrient levels and evaluation of the need for enhancement''

''Another habitat survey to evaluate long term effects of wood additions''

''Understand the effect of past wood additions on juvenile residence time and survival and assess the need for additional wood placement..''

''Updated genetic baseline and increased effort to collect and PIT tag Box Canyon Creek fish''

''Assess the extent of fisheries impacts, unintentional and illegal harvest. Increase enforcement''

''PIT tag antenna below Kachess Dam to better assess entrainment''

''Evaluation of water quality and habitat impacts from recreational use (i.e. human waste, sedimentation, share reduction). Determine if impacts are directly decreasing recovery by examining temperature and turbidity trends.''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* Campsite next to Peekaboo Falls was closed to overnight camping by USFS in 2002.
* Approximately 15 dispersed campsites along the creek were either re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated to protect sensitive riparian areas by USFS in 1996. There was some ongoing maintenance at the sites, but none recently. I''n recent years there have been dispersed campsites becoming established again after public has removed or breached boulder barriers. Additionally, while vehicle exclusion might be successful in some of these areas, walk-in sites are appearing behind some of the barriers.''
* With no flow at the mouth on August 23, 1996, USBR made temporary channel modifications to provide passage.
* A 623-foot segment of Box Canyon Road USFS Road 4930, which parallels the creek and was a chronic source of sediment, was relocated upslope and stabilized by USFS in 2006.
* Construction of a temporary straw bale and plastic flume near the confluence of Box Canyon Creek and Kachess Reservoir was required ''in several years between 2001-2025'' to provide upstream bull trout passage. ''This is detailed in the narrative above.''

* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Box Canyon Creek (see Appendix F).
* ''The Bull Trout Task Force provides outreach and education to recreationists and anglers in the area, primarily at Kachess Campground. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the species.''
* ''In 2019, Kittitas Conservation Trust added large wood to the creek to improve bull trout habitat [[#Restoration Actions | See Restoration Actions]] above.''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within the established index areas to monitor long-term abundance trends.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring throughout the Box Canyon Creek drainage including above Peekaboo Falls.

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct assessment and pilot study on feasibility of carcass analogs to enhance prey base for juveniles.

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor for brook trout introgression when collecting genetic samples.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams.

==== Box Canyon Creek Actions ====
Box Canyon Action #1: Monitor/Fix Passage Problems in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #2: Passage over natural barriers in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #3: Carcass Analog Assessment / Pilot Project

Box Canyon Action #4: USFS Road and Recreation Area Management

Box Canyon Action #5: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Box Canyon Action #6: Fishing Regulation Enforcement

Box Canyon Action #7: Box Canyon Creek Habitat Projects

Box Canyon Action #8: Monitoring in Box Canyon Creek

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in November 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Box Canyon Creek small group in December 2025. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population

2026-03-09T21:13:53Z

ATaylor: /* Current and modeled future temperature conditions */

== Overview ==
The upper Kachess River is the smaller of two streams in what is locally known as the Kachess River/Mineral Creek system. Mineral Creek joins the river approximately 1.2 miles above the reservoir (at full pool) and contributes about 75% of the downstream flow (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0">Meyer, W. R. (2002). ''The effects of seasonal stream de-watering on three age classes of bull trout, Salvelinus confluenctus'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Meyer-2002.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Despite this flow discrepancy the stream is referred to as the Kachess River below this confluence, a fact that has caused some confusion in the past. It is referred to as the ''upper'' Kachess River in this document to differentiate it from the lower Kachess River, a 0.6-mile reach below Kachess Dam that flows into Easton Reservoir and the Yakima River.

Mineral Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and the headwaters of the upper Kachess River originate on other lands managed by the Forest Service. The Kachess river flows into the north end of Kachess Reservoir. All accessible fish habitat in the two streams is in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River almost always goes dry for about 1.5 miles above the reservoir during late summer and early fall, never dewatering upstream of the Mineral Creek Trail crossing (USFS Trail 1331).

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
[[File:Screenshot 2025-12-23 110044.png|thumb|Figure 1. PIT antenna detections of bull trout near the mouth of the upper Kachess River (denoted as "Lower Kachess River") in the figure title. Note the lack of water temperature data between mid July and late October, indicating the period where the river was dry. As water returned, bull trout were detected on the antenna in October and November.]]
The upper Kachess River population displays an adfluvial life history. The population spawns primarily in the upper Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence although a few redds are sometimes found downstream. While Mineral Creek contains some suitable spawning habitat, few redds are observed there. Juvenile bull trout are known to use both Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River for rearing with their distribution extending down to the reservoir. Kachess Reservoir provides [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|FMO habitat]] for subadult and adult fish. ''Unlike other populations in the Yakima River Basin which mostly migrate into the spawning tributaries between May and September,'' adults from this population have been observed to migrate into the upper Kachess River in October ''and November'', after fall rains have re-watered the reach above the reservoir (W. Meyer, WDFW, pers comm, 2012) (Figure 1. Beebe et al. 2025<ref>Beebe, B., Cunningham, C., Hamilton, B., & Haskell, C. (2025). ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2024 Progress Report'' [Progress]. USFWS, MCFWCO. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Yakima-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2024_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Kachess Falls.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The upstream passage barrier on the upper Kachess River, a ~60 foot waterfall. ]]
Fish passage barriers are located 0.2 miles up Mineral Creek (Falls/Debris jam at 47.42295, -121.2492) and 0.5 miles up the upper Kachess River (Falls at 47.4239874, -121.2344328) (Figure 2). ''It is of note that a larger, more permanent falls is located just upstream of the reported fish barrier on Mineral Creek at RM 0.25.''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show this population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Baseline genetic samples were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey conducted in 1997 by CWU researchers and WDFW biologists (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1">Reiss, Y. (2003). ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf</nowiki></ref>). ''A couple of adult bull trout were collected at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek in 2020. Rapid genetic analysis on these two bull trout showed the probabilities of the population of origin were 0.90 Box 0.10 Kachess and 0.53 Box and 0.47 Kachess, indicating some genetic introgression between the two populations (Von Bargen 2021''<ref>Von Bargen, J. (2021). ''2021 Upper Yakima Bull Trout Rapid Response Genetic Population ID''. USFWS. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Von-Bargen-2021.pdf</nowiki></ref>'').''

Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.'' For more detailed information, see the Population Genetics section of the [[Kachess Lake Bull Trout Population Group|Kachess Reservoir Bull Trout Population Group]] page.

=== Population Monitoring ===
Four adult bull trout were observed in October 1980 in the upper Kachess River by a WDFW (then Washington Department of Wildlife) electrofishing crew (USFS 1980<ref>USFS. (1980). ''Kachess River Study''. Wenatchee National Forest. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Kachess-River-1980.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Brown (1992) also reported that adults were found in Mineral Creek and that bull trout redds (three in Mineral Creek and two in the Kachess River) were observed. Returning in 1993 on four separate dates between late August and mid-October, no adult bull trout were found, though juveniles were. A CWU graduate student reported the presence of “small” adult bull trout in the Kachess/Mineral system in July 1996, but found no redds when he returned in October (Craig 1996<ref>Craig, S. (1996). ''Scott Craig snorkel surveys 1996''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Craig_1996.xlsx</nowiki></ref>). In 1998, WDFW conducted an exploratory redd survey, but found no redds or adult bull trout. It was not until two years later that adult presence was once again documented, when 17 adults were observed in 11 snorkel surveys conducted from July thru November 2000 (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />; James 2002a<ref>James, P. W. (2002). ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf</nowiki></ref>). 15 bull trout redds were found in the first complete redd survey conducted that same year. Through these efforts, it became clear that the timing of adult bull trout presence in the upper Kachess River was dependent on fall precipitation, which reconnected the river with the lake and that the population was adfluvial. Ongoing redd surveys conducted since 2000 support this (Divens 2025<ref>Divens, M. (2025). ''2024 Yakima Basin Bull Trout Spawning Surveys''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2024-Yakima-Bull-Trout-Spawning-Surveys-Final-Report-DIVENS.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

Juvenile bull trout presence in the Kachess/Mineral system was first documented in 1980 when WDFW conducted the electrofishing described above; bull trout were found in both streams. The Forest Service observed juveniles in snorkel surveys conducted in Mineral Creek in 1990 and 1991. Craig (1996) observed juvenile bull trout in the system in 1996. CWU researchers Paul and Brenda James, with assistance from WDFW, snorkeled about 0.7 mile in the Kachess/Mineral system in 1997 starting about a tenth of a mile below the confluence of the two streams and continuing up Mineral Creek to the barrier waterfall and obtained genetic samples from 30 juvenile bull trout (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1" />). In 2000, CWU graduate student William Meyer conducted snorkel surveys from late July through mid-November from the mouth of the upper Kachess River up to the barrier waterfall on the river and observed both juvenile and adult bull trout. For his thesis work investigating the effects of seasonal dewatering on different age classes of bull trout, he calculated juvenile densities, determined adult migration and spawn timing, monitored stream discharge and channel condition, and documented life-stage specific mortalities resulting from channel dewatering (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />).

''In'' ''2019, the Yakama Nation initiated their [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of the upper Kachess River and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. As of 2024 1,303 upper Kachess River YOY have been reared in captivity, tagged, and released into the reservoir about 10 months later. In 2024, the first of those bull trout were detected entering the river during the spawning season. In 2025 more detections occurred and video evidence of bull trout staging to spawn was captured, indicating that rescued YOY were successfully reared in captivity and survived to spawn and contribute to the next generation.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas at two locations in the upper Kachess River, a lower site, 0.2 km upstream of the mouth and an upper site, 2.8 km upstream of the mouth (distance varies depending on the pool elevation). The lower array has been frequently blown out and vandalized and has consisted of permanent pass through types and temporary submersible types (sometimes a combination) over the years. They also maintain antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (0.2 km upstream from the mouth), temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed, and in The Narrows during low water.''

''PIT-tagged Kachess River fish come from four sources: 1) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, reared over the winter at La Salle, and then released into Kachess Reservoir, 2) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, tagged, and immediately released, 3) adults collected during trap and haul below Kachess and Keechelus dams, and 4), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021.''

''Detection of PIT-tagged fish in the upper Kachess River is challenging for a few reasons. First, the lower river can be dry for much of the summer and fall (mid July - late October in 2024). Second, the antennas are powered by batteries charged by solar panels and by the time fish enter the river, sunlight has waned and snowfall can limit both the solar panels' ability to charge the batteries and access to the site. The lack of detections and ultimately the initial evaluation of the La Salle program has probably been influenced by compromised antenna operations and resulting lack of detections. In contrast the lower Box Canyon Creek sites are powered by propane. In 2023, 13 Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River, most of which had been collected and immediately released back into the upper Kachess River, although a single La Salle fish was detected at the lower site. However in 2024, eleven unique Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River from October 28 - November 22, all of which were La Salle fish released from 2020-2022. Eight fish were detected at the lower site and three fish were detected at the upper site but no fish were detected at both sites. (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b). See'' ''the [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population|Box Canyon Creek]] population monitoring section for Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek.''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 81% of the habitat below the Kachess River Falls and ranging between 37% and 95%. In the 9 years of surveys, the reach of the Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence consistently had the highest density of juvenile'' ''bull trout (ages 1-3). The mainstem Kachess River that perennially flows and dewaters had moderate densities, though variable. The Mineral Creek reach had the lowest densities, though only three years of surveys (2016 to 2018) were completed there. ''

''A stream restoration project completed at the end of 2023 focused on minimizing the extent and duration of dewatering in the dewatering reach and creating velocity refuge for fish in the perennially flowing reach below the Mineral Creek confluence. WDFW continued demographic surveys in 2024 and 2025 but has not observed any major changes in Bull Trout densities yet, though densities in the Kachess River are highly variable, making it more difficult to detect change. Six'' ''brook trout have been observed in nine years of demographic surveys. All six observations occurred in and between 2016 and 2018, and 5 of the 6 were in the dewatering reach, while the last was in the perennially flowing mainstem Kachess River below the Mineral Creek confluence.''

''In 2019, 72% of all the'' ''bull trout redds created in the Kachess River were within the inundation zone. This was a concern for three reasons: 1) these redds are susceptible to scour due to a highly unstable environment in this zone due to the lack of stable banks and increased bed mobilization, 2) when these redds are inundated with water they may have poor survival due to low oxygen concentrations, and 3) when the fry from these redds emerge from the redd and into a lake environment they are likely to be eaten. WDFW planned a study to remove half of the eggs from these redds and transfer them upstream to where redds are more common, while leaving the remainder of the eggs to see how survival differed between those moved and those not moved. When WDFW and several other stakeholders went out to mine the redds they were unable to find eggs in most of the redds. The only eggs that were found were those from a redd protected from high flows by a rock outcrop just upstream. The 21 eyed eggs found were not enough to complete the study. ''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Kachess Graph Through 2025.png|alt=redd counts highly variable|thumb|Figure 3: Upper Kachess River bull trout redd counts from 1998-2025]]
''There has been an attempt to conduct complete redd surveys in the river since 2000. These surveys cover the entire upper Kachess River from Kachess Reservoir (which is at low pool at that time) to the barrier waterfall, a distance of approximately 2.5 miles. The annual count has been highly variable (Figure'' 3'').''The spawning period for this population depends entirely on fall precipitation which rewaters the stream channel and allows access to the spawning grounds. In a typical year, this period extends from mid-October thru mid-November, at least a full month later than for other bull trout populations in the Yakima Basin. While the rains provide necessary access for fish, they also can hamper the ability to monitor this population. The upper Kachess River responds quickly to rainfall, and high flows have often severely reduced or eliminated the ability to conduct complete redd surveys. High flows commonly result in incomplete surveys ''and obscured redds between passes.''

''Up until 2019, Mineral Creek was only occasionally surveyed. Starting in 2020, Mineral Creek has been surveyed every year, though not necessarily with the three recommended passes.'' Brown (1992) reported that three redds were found in the creek in 1980. ''Between 1980 and the publication of the 2012 Bull Trout Action Plan, no adults or redds had been observed there. However, surveys at the time were only spot checks. More recently, the reach accessible to bull trout in Mineral Creek has been established as a yearly spawning survey index (1 pass per year starting in 2020, 3 passes per year starting in 2023). Several adult bull trout and a small number of redds have been observed since.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''One eDNA sample was collected in the upper Kachess River above the barrier waterfall in 2017 (Parrish 2017''<ref>Parrish, C. (2017). ''Upper Yakima Basin Bull Trout eDNA (2017)''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/eDNA-2017-Final-Report.pdf</nowiki></ref>''). The result was negative for bull trout DNA. Likewise, three samples were collected above the Mineral Creek barrier waterfall at 1km intervals and the results were negative for bull trout DNA.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998<ref>Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Klamath River and Columbia River Distinct Population Segments of Bull Trout, 1018-AB94 USFWS ___ (Dept of Interior 1998). <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFWS_1998.pdf</nowiki></ref>) considered the Kachess River subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation did not include the upper Kachess River local population as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River and a local population was not recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004<ref>WDFW. (2004). ''Washington State Salmonid Stock Inventory: Bull Trout/Dolly Varden'' (p. 449). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WDFW_2004.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

''While redd counts are somewhat incomplete due to environmental conditions during the spawning survey season, the 26 years of data show a variable population trend. Nonetheless, the population is small''. Despite the upper Kachess River population’s obvious obstacles (i.e., access and limited habitat area), it continues to persist. The highest redd count on record (33) was documented in 2011.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on the upper Kachess River range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to about 2,500 feet at the barrier waterfall, which is similar to the elevation at the base of the barrier falls on Mineral Creek. All of the reaches accessible to bull trout in both streams are located in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River has a varied history of resource extraction (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). Copper deposits were discovered on Mineral Creek in the late 1800s. A wagon road was built shortly thereafter to extract ore mined from the hillsides adjacent to the creek. The tailings of the mining operation are still visible as are the remains of the mining operations, even though they ended long ago. The watershed was heavily logged from 1968 through 1987 with some harvest occurring directly adjacent to the lower segment of the upper Kachess River. The roads that were built to accommodate timber harvest have been decommissioned except for FS 4600, ''which is the main road used to access the Mineral Creek Trailhead. The end of the road was decommissioned in 2025 where it entered the Kachess River floodplain. The road interrupted flow across the floodplain and probably contributed sediment to the stream. With the decommissioning of this portion of road, the Mineral Creek Trailhead was relocated. Human activity in the watershed is limited to recreation, including hiking and canyoneering, which has become a popular sport in Mineral Creek in the past decade.''

Habitat conditions in the upper Kachess system vary (except for water temperatures which are suitable throughout). Above the confluence of Mineral Creek and the Kachess River, the stream gradient of both streams is between 2 and 7% with channel widths ranging between 15 and 25 feet. ''Despite early habitat surveys stating that pools were frequent and LWD was prevalent, surveys in 2017 found these habitat features limiting (see more details below).'' The availability of spawning-size gravels, at least in the upper Kachess River, is good. The riparian corridor on both streams is composed of typical old-growth understory species and is healthy. Below the confluence for a distance of about 0.5 mile, high alluvial banks frequently confine the river. The channel widens, stream gradient decreases to about 1%, and pool frequency and depth decreases. The riparian corridor shows some signs of past disturbance but can still be described as healthy. Below this reach habitat conditions change dramatically. The channel width often exceeds 150 feet; LWD is scarce. The segment contains mostly riffle habitat and few pools. It is within this reach, often beginning near its downstream end, that the upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). ''The issue of dewatering is exacerbated by the fluctuating pool level because sediment transported in high flows settles immediately at the still water interface, leaving an elevated substrate surface when the pool is drawn down.'' The river generally remains disconnected until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October.

[[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|FMO habitat]] for the upper Kachess River bull trout population is in Kachess Reservoir.

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
[[File:AirExposureKachess.png|thumb|Figure 4. Periods of dewatering in the upper Kachess River over three years, extrapolated from temperature monitoring near the mouth of the Kachess River (winter dewatering periods are more difficult to detect given similar air, water and snow temperatures).]]
Meyer (2002) studied the effects of dewatering on juvenile bull trout and adult migration. The lower reach of the upper Kachess River is generally dewatered from mid-summer (''average date of disconnections is 7/17 with a range between 6/30 and 8/2'') until heavy precipitation waters the channel in late fall (''Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication''). ''Dewatering conditions have been noted during annual redd surveys since 2000. In 2017 WDFW fish passage biologists started annual monitoring of the timing and extent of dewatering via weekly surveys. A water temperature logger near the mouth of the creek also provides insight on yearly dewatering trends (Figure 4).''

''WDFW assisted with installation of temperature and stage monitoring equipment in the Kachess River at the Mineral Creek trail crossing in 2015 and in Mineral Creek just above the confluence with the Kachess River beginning in 2018. WDFW has been taking flow measurements at those sites since 2018. WDFW also installed a temperature probe between 2019 and 2020 in the inundation zone and starting in 2020 in the Kachess River about ½ a mile above the Mineral Creek confluence. Occasional flow measurements have been taken in the Kachess River near the high pool extent to document dewatering in that area and in the Kachess River just above the Mineral Creek confluence since 2018. Flow measurements are to understand the flow balance between Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River and flow loss across downstream reaches. The discharge in the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek is always lower than Mineral Creek by 6% to 62%, based on 26 paired measurements between 2018 and 2025 between Mineral Creek flows of 1.9 and 86.2 cfs. The proportional difference between the two streams is not related to Mineral Creek flow. For example, Kachess River flow above the Mineral Creek confluence can be ~30% of Mineral Creek flow when Mineral Creek is flowing at 2 cfs AND 86 cfs.''

''WDFW completed a modified Hankin and Reeves''<ref>Hankin, D., & Reeves, G. H. (1988). Estimating Total Fish Abundance and Total Habitat Area in Small Streams Based on Visual Estimation Methods. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', ''45'', 834–844.</ref> ''type of habitat survey in the perennial flow of the upper Kachess River and Mineral Creek in 2016, and in the dewatering section of the Kachess River in 2017. Wood quantification for these areas was completed by the USFWS in 2017 and WDFW included that data in its analysis. A comparison of various metrics derived from these surveys to guidelines for properly functioning habitat suggest that there is suitable spawning habitat, given the amount of cobble and low amounts of fine sediment. The survey also showed that the Upper Kachess River had sufficient wood volume, but insufficient pool quantity and depth, and insufficient wood quantity (pieces). Future habitat surveys will see an increase in wood and pool quantity due to the engineered habitat features installed in 2023.''

''USFWS has monitored surface water and groundwater post-restoration project. A total of nine surface water wells were installed within the project reach. Five surface water wells were installed by Interfluve prior to the restoration project to collect data to inform the design of the project. Four of the wells were re-deployed at the same pre-construction locations (one in Mineral Creek) and one surface water well was reinstalled near the pre-construction location, but not in the exact location. An additional four surface water wells were installed during construction and placed within the large wood structures. All nine surface water wells were logging as of January 2026. Eleven groundwater wells have been installed within the project reach. Three were installed prior to restoration implementation by Interfluve to inform design; two were installed in the same locations post-construction and one was relocated nearby. Eight additional wells were installed during construction. All eleven groundwater wells were logging as of January 2026. No groundwater or surface water data have been analyzed as of January 2026.''

''WDFW completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-September 2016 in the upper Kachess'' ''mainstem, Mineral Creek, and the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level and a sub-sample of invertebrates were measured for total length. Though further work was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred. Results show very similar numbers of macroinvertebrate individuals relative to Box Canyon, and both streams were dominated by Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, and had zero or extremely low numbers of Collembola, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. Kachess had extremely low numbers of Coleoptera while Box Canyon had two orders of magnitude higher amounts of Coleoptera.''

''The USBR is working on a geomorphology study of river deltas within Yakima Basin reservoirs to 1) characterize the delta surfaces including long profiles, topographic change, inundation frequency, and vegetation growth, and 2) model select surfaces (Gold Creek, Box Canyon, Indian Creek) to better understand hydraulic and sediment transport conditions. This is largely a research-based effort meant to explore existing conditions and potential simplified management strategies (simplified in the modeling context rather than a formal design).''

==== Stream Temperature Data ====
[[File:Upper Kachess River Longitudinal MWMT 2020-2023.png|thumb|Figure 5. Maximum weekly maximum temperature over four years in the Upper Kachess River System.]]
[[File:Kachess River above Mineral mean August Temperature.png|thumb|''Figure 6. Water temperature data for the Upper Kachess River shows a slight increase in mean August temperature over the four years of monitoring shown here.'']]
''WDFW and USFWS have monitored water temperature in the Upper Kachess River. Water temperature has been monitored at five sites: Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence (KRUS), Mineral Creek above the Kachess River confluence (MC2), Mainstem Upper Kachess River at the USFS Trail 1331 crossing (MCTC), at the downstream PIT antenna site near the upper edge of the inundation zone (KACL) and in the reservoir inundation zone (KACI). Long term monitoring has continued at KRUS, MC2, and KACL. Water temperature ranges between 9°C and 15°C (Figure 5). It is notable that the downstream site has some of the coldest water. This could be attributed to a spring tributary "Cold Ass Creek" that enters the river downstream of MCTC, but upstream of KACL. The KACL site is also influenced by dewatering, and was dry during the month of August in 2023, which probably skews the data toward July temperatures.''

''Water temperature for Kachess River, above the Mineral Creek confluence, shows a slight increase in mean August temperature between 2020 - 2023 (Figure 6). The temperature is continuing to be within the bull trout rearing temperature threshold, which is optimal between 7°C and 13°C depending on prey availability (McCullough and Spalding 2002''<ref>McCullough, D., & Spalding, S. (2002). ''Multiple Lines of Evidence for Determining Upper Optimal Temperature Thresholds for Bull Trout''. CRITFC and USFWS.</ref>'').''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Since 2016, Kittitas Conservation Trust, along with partners, have been working to develop and implement plans for restoration actions to restore Kachess River and its floodplain. In 2023 restoration of phase one was completed, installing 1,576 logs and whole trees in 65 structures throughout the 1.2 miles of Kachess River downstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. Logs were primarily harvested through targeted forest health treatments on site. 13,964 live plants were installed to provide future riparian vitality and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species. The primary goal of this work was to create deeper pools with cover that is connected to ground water to aid in juvenile survival during annual dewatering periods. In 2025, phase 2 was completed with an effort to remove existing trailhead and road from the floodplain and replace it with a new trailhead and trail up out of the floodplain. The goal of this work was to improve water quality and restore tributary flows across the floodplain to help with water storage on the eastern floodplain through wetland retention and shallow water aquifer storage.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About a mile of the Upper Kachess River dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at confluence with the reservoir and extends upstream, with flows going fully subsurface in late July to mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. See [[Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above. During the Kachess River Restoration Project implemented by Kittitas Conservation Trust in 2023, it was also discovered that the geology plays a role in the sub-surface flows in the ~0.75 mile of stream closest to the reservoir. This area was likely to dewater historically. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. The Kachess River bull trout population spawns upstream of the dewatering area.''

''Sometimes large and small woody debris create temporary passage barriers in the upper Kachess River, upstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. In 2023, chainsaws and hand tools were used to modify a debris jam to allow passage to the spawning grounds.''

''Kachess Dam is also a fish passage barrier. Although this population is thought to have always had an adfluvial life history strategy, historically these fish had connectivity with the rest of the Yakima River system and may have migrated long distances. Likewise, bull trout from other Yakima River populations would have been able to access the spawning grounds in the Upper Kachess River. The construction of Kachess Dam in 1912 inhibited upstream movement of bull trout and genetically isolated the current population.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Between 2019 and 2024, 2,402 bull trout have been rescued from dewatering in the Upper Kachess river and raised in captivity by Yakama Nation. 1,303 of those were tagged and released into Kachess Reservoir. Only four of the tagged fish have been documented getting entrained through Kachess Dam since tagging began. While there is not a PIT antenna collecting information on tagged fish directly below Kachess Dam, some of the Kachess bull trout have been captured by USFWS below Kachess and Keechelus dams.''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''When high-energy flows carrying bed load hit the standing water at the edge of the reservoir, there are large deposition events that increase the elevation near the mouth of the creek, and may exacerbate fish passage issues under low flow conditions. When the reservoir is at low pool, dewatering extends across the reservoir bed. Despite the river going dry in this section, reservoir management is not the primary factor causing dewatering. However, the section of river flowing through the reservoir bed tends to reconnect to the reservoir sooner than upstream reaches and spawning has been known to occur here when bull trout cannot access the upper river. Spawning is probably not successful when eggs are laid in the inundation zone due to egg smothering when the reservoir pool level increases, redd scouring from high flows prior to inundation, and/or heavy predation on bull trout fry after emergence. Between 2009 (when individual redds started getting GPS locations) and 2024, about 12% of the redds have been built in the reservoir inundation zone. This amount of lost reproductive effort may have substantial negative impacts on the population.''

=== Land-use Issues ===
==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest in the mid 1900s, with commercial logging at the Kachess River occurring primarily between 1968-1986 (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). Logging on USFS lands went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Approximately half the riparian area was logged. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. Plum Creek Timber company owned land nearby, and also clear cut large swaths of land in the watershed (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced stream sinuosity and reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris. Both of these factors, in addition to mining effects, contribute to bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, and annual dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no current agriculture or grazing in this area.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''The Kachess River population of bull trout utilize Kachess Reservoir and the Upper Kachess River. The majority of recreational impacts probably occur on the west side of the reservoir in and around Kachess Campground. The campground has ~100 developed campsites and stays busy throughout the summer season. There is a motorized and a non-motorized boat launch, so water activities are popular including fishing, boating, kayaking, stand up paddle boarding and swimming. The Mineral Creek Trailhead is a popular site for backpackers to access Alpine Lakes Wilderness. The former parking area was located adjacent to Kachess River and a small intermittent tributary, which increased sedimentation and road maintenance needs in the direct vicinity of Kachess River. Hikers also have to cross the river to continue on the trail, and often place wood or rocks across the creek as a "bridge." The impacts to bull trout from these recreational activities have not been quantified. In 2025, as the final part of the Kachess River Restoration Project, the Mineral Creek Trailhead and parking area were relocated away from the creek, and the old road and parking area were decommissioned.''

''A newer activity in the watershed is canyoneering (first descent noted as 2020 via [https://ropewiki.com/Mineral_Creek_(Alpine_Lakes) Rope Wiki]), particularly occurring in Mineral Creek. The canyoners are known to take the trail adjacent to the creek until they reach their desired access points, at which point they descend to the creek. This may not have direct impacts to bull trout habitat, but there is potential for downstream flow of waste, etc.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant)''

''There are approximately 5 miles of road along the West shore of Kachess Reservoir to allow access to housing developments and the campground. This road is not thought to have negative population effects. Housing and the campground are probably not impacting bull trout negatively. The sedimentation and issues with the road leading to the old Mineral Creek Trail should be mitigated through the 2025 decommission and trailhead relocation project.''

''Historic road building in the floodplain of the upper Kachess River probably had the largest impact on this population through alteration of spawning and rearing habitat. During the Kachess River Restoration Project, some of these old road beds were utilized for access, then returned to a "natural" condition. They have now been officially decommissioned, by USFS definition.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant)''

''Copper mining occurred in the headwaters of Kachess River and Mineral Creek in the early 1900s. The mine tailings were sluiced downstream into Mineral Creek and with decades of high-energy stream flow there has been an excessive amount of rough cobble material deposited into the floodplain down below (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). Deposition of gravels and cobbles has likely worsened dewatering conditions in the lower 1.5 miles of stream habitat.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Only six brook trout have been observed in the upper Kachess River over nine years of demographic surveys. Hybridization has not been documented here. Brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek and may be abundant in some of the reservoir tributaries, including Lodge Creek. The distribution in the watershed is not fully understood, but there are some surveys that help elucidate distribution (See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] for more details). When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys in the Upper Kachess River, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they are not yet abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have been no reports of other invasive species in the upper Kachess River.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''A 2017 study in Kachess Reservoir found that feeding rates of bull trout are not limited by foraging opportunities and that the prey base in the reservoir could support larger populations of bull trout (Hansen et al. 2017''<ref name=":2">Hansen, A., Polacek, M., Connelly, K., & Gardner, J. (2017). ''Food web interactions in Kachess and Keechelus Reservoirs, Washington: Implications for threatened adfluvial bull trout and management of water storage'' [Final Report]. Washington State Department of Ecology. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hansenetal2017-FinalReport-KachessKeechelusFoodWebStructure-Phase2-ContractVersion.pdf</nowiki></ref>''). The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess and should continue. These stocked kokanee probably make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production after the construction of Kachess Dam.''

''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017''<ref name=":2" />''), potentially resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022''<ref>Taylor, A. (2022). ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-adult Adfluvial Bull Trout'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki></ref>'').''

''The study did not look at prey base in the Upper Kachess River. Age 0 bull trout primarily feed on macroinvertebrates, then switch to piscivory between age 1 and 2. Density and concentration of prey items may be affected by dewatering and low flow conditions.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No instances of disease have been reported.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''The upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall in the 1.5 miles above the reservoir. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. Juvenile bull trout become stranded in isolated pools. Some are rescued and relocated to perennial flow, or given to the [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|Yakama Nation for captive rearing.]] It is notable that large numbers (~1000+) bull trout fry have been rescued from the dewatering section in the upper Kachess River over the past decade and that habitat restoration has been implemented to reduce the effects of seasonal dewatering.Those fish that evade rescue eventually desiccate or are predated upon.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

The NorWest Stream Temperature Model predicts stream temperatures in the Upper Kachess River to be 12-14''°C into 2080 (Isaak et. al 2016''<ref>Isaak, D.J.; Wenger, S.J.; Peterson, E.E.; Ver Hoef, J.M.; Hostetler, S.W.; Luce, C.H.; Dunham, J.B.; Kershner, J.L.; Roper, B.B.; Nagel, D.E.; Chandler, G.L.; Wollrab, S.P.; Parkes, S.L.; Horan, D.L. 2016. NorWeST modeled summer stream temperature scenarios for the western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0033</nowiki>.</ref>''). Empirical data collected between 2020-2023, as seen in the Stream Temperature section above, never shows maximum weekly maximum temperature above 15°C, except for in the reservoir inundation, which may be influenced by reservoir temperatures. Unlike many other populations, stream temperature in the Upper Kachess River in habitat accessible to bull trout is not an immediate threat.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Instances of drought have increased over the past few decades and contribute to reduced snowpack, earlier peak run-off and extended periods of dry streambeds. Lack of summer and fall rains, combined with geomorphology, inhibit fish passage into the Upper Kachess River, potentially impacting reproductive success of adult bull trout.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''The upper Kachess River is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The remote nature of the creek makes access somewhat difficult, so fishing pressure is probably reduced.''

''Fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir, please see this threat on the [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|Kachess Reservoir FMO]] page for more details.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The Kachess population of bull trout is one of the most highly studied in the Yakima River Basin. Research impacts on the population are unknown and unquantified. Annual redd surveys involve hiking in the stream. Bull trout are observed passively in snorkel surveys, actively rescued from dewatering, and handled for biological sampling of fin tissue and measurements. All captured bull trout >100 mm are PIT tagged. A study from 2019-2023 surgically inserted acoustic tags into wild-captured (only 1) and captive-reared bull trout. Bull Trout from the Kachess River population are being reared in captivity and released at a larger size. While the program has greatly increased success in survival, there was initially a high mortality rate of Kachess River bull trout in captivity. Another concern is the genetic implications of the fish rescue program.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low population abundance, inbreeding''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers (dewatering and Kachess Dam) and low population abundance. Dewatering in the lower reaches of the spawning tributary also appears to be limiting the population ''through stranding of juvenile and YOY bull trout and access to the spawning grounds. This potentially natural effect is exacerbated by reservoir fluctuations, legacy logging and mining impacts, and climate change. These factors work to increase the seasonal period of dewatering and limit habitat. Restoration of the lower portion of the river should mitigate some of these effects.'' Other threats include angling in Kachess Reservoir, entrainment at Kachess Dam, lack of marine derived nutrients, ''potential expansion of'' brook trout, and the limited habitat due to the inundation of lower reaches of the upper Kachess River when the dam was completed and the reservoir filled. ''One threat we are starting to gain more information about is the potential of inbreeding and inbreeding depression due to small population size.''

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not considered a significant threat. Threats due to agriculture, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
The remaining high priority actions involve passage at the broad scale (Kachess Dam) and addressing low abundance via ''rescue-and-rear of stranded bull trout. Monitoring and adaptive management strategies for bull trout rescue need to be ongoing to reduce the potential of negative genetic effects to the population.'' ''The Kachess River Restoration Project (see [[Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] above) was initially discussed in 2016 and was implemented in 2023 to reduce the threat of dewatering and improve habitat. However, if bull trout rescue is an ongoing need, some bull trout could be kept as brood stock for artificial propagation.''

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Continuation of post-restoration project monitoring: habitat and fish demographics''

''Genetic monitoring''

''Ongoing temperature monitoring''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===
''Kachess Action #1:''

* ''Step 1 - Hydrogeomorphic evaluation in upper Kachess River (not Mineral Creek) to determine mechanisms and solutions for annual dewatering (completed prior to implementation).''
* ''Step 2 - Implementation of a habitat enhancement project (completed in 2023).''

''Kachess Action #2:''

* ''Step 1 - Mineral Creek Trailhead restoration (relocation of trailhead and restoration of old parking area was completed in 2025).''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct supplementation feasibility

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor any genetic samples for introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainments surveys at storage dams

==== Kachess River Actions ====
Kachess River Actions #3: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

''Kachess River Action #4: Monitor habitat conditions and fish response post-restoration project.''

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in'' ''October 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Kachess River/Box Canyon Creek small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References<ref name=":0" /> ==

Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population

2026-03-09T21:11:45Z

ATaylor: /* ***********************Current and modeled future temperature conditions */

== Overview ==
The upper Kachess River is the smaller of two streams in what is locally known as the Kachess River/Mineral Creek system. Mineral Creek joins the river approximately 1.2 miles above the reservoir (at full pool) and contributes about 75% of the downstream flow (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0">Meyer, W. R. (2002). ''The effects of seasonal stream de-watering on three age classes of bull trout, Salvelinus confluenctus'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Meyer-2002.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Despite this flow discrepancy the stream is referred to as the Kachess River below this confluence, a fact that has caused some confusion in the past. It is referred to as the ''upper'' Kachess River in this document to differentiate it from the lower Kachess River, a 0.6-mile reach below Kachess Dam that flows into Easton Reservoir and the Yakima River.

Mineral Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and the headwaters of the upper Kachess River originate on other lands managed by the Forest Service. The Kachess river flows into the north end of Kachess Reservoir. All accessible fish habitat in the two streams is in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River almost always goes dry for about 1.5 miles above the reservoir during late summer and early fall, never dewatering upstream of the Mineral Creek Trail crossing (USFS Trail 1331).

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
[[File:Screenshot 2025-12-23 110044.png|thumb|Figure 1. PIT antenna detections of bull trout near the mouth of the upper Kachess River (denoted as "Lower Kachess River") in the figure title. Note the lack of water temperature data between mid July and late October, indicating the period where the river was dry. As water returned, bull trout were detected on the antenna in October and November.]]
The upper Kachess River population displays an adfluvial life history. The population spawns primarily in the upper Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence although a few redds are sometimes found downstream. While Mineral Creek contains some suitable spawning habitat, few redds are observed there. Juvenile bull trout are known to use both Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River for rearing with their distribution extending down to the reservoir. Kachess Reservoir provides [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|FMO habitat]] for subadult and adult fish. ''Unlike other populations in the Yakima River Basin which mostly migrate into the spawning tributaries between May and September,'' adults from this population have been observed to migrate into the upper Kachess River in October ''and November'', after fall rains have re-watered the reach above the reservoir (W. Meyer, WDFW, pers comm, 2012) (Figure 1. Beebe et al. 2025<ref>Beebe, B., Cunningham, C., Hamilton, B., & Haskell, C. (2025). ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2024 Progress Report'' [Progress]. USFWS, MCFWCO. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Yakima-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2024_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Kachess Falls.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The upstream passage barrier on the upper Kachess River, a ~60 foot waterfall. ]]
Fish passage barriers are located 0.2 miles up Mineral Creek (Falls/Debris jam at 47.42295, -121.2492) and 0.5 miles up the upper Kachess River (Falls at 47.4239874, -121.2344328) (Figure 2). ''It is of note that a larger, more permanent falls is located just upstream of the reported fish barrier on Mineral Creek at RM 0.25.''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show this population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Baseline genetic samples were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey conducted in 1997 by CWU researchers and WDFW biologists (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1">Reiss, Y. (2003). ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf</nowiki></ref>). ''A couple of adult bull trout were collected at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek in 2020. Rapid genetic analysis on these two bull trout showed the probabilities of the population of origin were 0.90 Box 0.10 Kachess and 0.53 Box and 0.47 Kachess, indicating some genetic introgression between the two populations (Von Bargen 2021''<ref>Von Bargen, J. (2021). ''2021 Upper Yakima Bull Trout Rapid Response Genetic Population ID''. USFWS. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Von-Bargen-2021.pdf</nowiki></ref>'').''

Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.'' For more detailed information, see the Population Genetics section of the [[Kachess Lake Bull Trout Population Group|Kachess Reservoir Bull Trout Population Group]] page.

=== Population Monitoring ===
Four adult bull trout were observed in October 1980 in the upper Kachess River by a WDFW (then Washington Department of Wildlife) electrofishing crew (USFS 1980<ref>USFS. (1980). ''Kachess River Study''. Wenatchee National Forest. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Kachess-River-1980.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Brown (1992) also reported that adults were found in Mineral Creek and that bull trout redds (three in Mineral Creek and two in the Kachess River) were observed. Returning in 1993 on four separate dates between late August and mid-October, no adult bull trout were found, though juveniles were. A CWU graduate student reported the presence of “small” adult bull trout in the Kachess/Mineral system in July 1996, but found no redds when he returned in October (Craig 1996<ref>Craig, S. (1996). ''Scott Craig snorkel surveys 1996''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Craig_1996.xlsx</nowiki></ref>). In 1998, WDFW conducted an exploratory redd survey, but found no redds or adult bull trout. It was not until two years later that adult presence was once again documented, when 17 adults were observed in 11 snorkel surveys conducted from July thru November 2000 (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />; James 2002a<ref>James, P. W. (2002). ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf</nowiki></ref>). 15 bull trout redds were found in the first complete redd survey conducted that same year. Through these efforts, it became clear that the timing of adult bull trout presence in the upper Kachess River was dependent on fall precipitation, which reconnected the river with the lake and that the population was adfluvial. Ongoing redd surveys conducted since 2000 support this (Divens 2025<ref>Divens, M. (2025). ''2024 Yakima Basin Bull Trout Spawning Surveys''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2024-Yakima-Bull-Trout-Spawning-Surveys-Final-Report-DIVENS.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

Juvenile bull trout presence in the Kachess/Mineral system was first documented in 1980 when WDFW conducted the electrofishing described above; bull trout were found in both streams. The Forest Service observed juveniles in snorkel surveys conducted in Mineral Creek in 1990 and 1991. Craig (1996) observed juvenile bull trout in the system in 1996. CWU researchers Paul and Brenda James, with assistance from WDFW, snorkeled about 0.7 mile in the Kachess/Mineral system in 1997 starting about a tenth of a mile below the confluence of the two streams and continuing up Mineral Creek to the barrier waterfall and obtained genetic samples from 30 juvenile bull trout (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1" />). In 2000, CWU graduate student William Meyer conducted snorkel surveys from late July through mid-November from the mouth of the upper Kachess River up to the barrier waterfall on the river and observed both juvenile and adult bull trout. For his thesis work investigating the effects of seasonal dewatering on different age classes of bull trout, he calculated juvenile densities, determined adult migration and spawn timing, monitored stream discharge and channel condition, and documented life-stage specific mortalities resulting from channel dewatering (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />).

''In'' ''2019, the Yakama Nation initiated their [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of the upper Kachess River and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. As of 2024 1,303 upper Kachess River YOY have been reared in captivity, tagged, and released into the reservoir about 10 months later. In 2024, the first of those bull trout were detected entering the river during the spawning season. In 2025 more detections occurred and video evidence of bull trout staging to spawn was captured, indicating that rescued YOY were successfully reared in captivity and survived to spawn and contribute to the next generation.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas at two locations in the upper Kachess River, a lower site, 0.2 km upstream of the mouth and an upper site, 2.8 km upstream of the mouth (distance varies depending on the pool elevation). The lower array has been frequently blown out and vandalized and has consisted of permanent pass through types and temporary submersible types (sometimes a combination) over the years. They also maintain antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (0.2 km upstream from the mouth), temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed, and in The Narrows during low water.''

''PIT-tagged Kachess River fish come from four sources: 1) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, reared over the winter at La Salle, and then released into Kachess Reservoir, 2) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, tagged, and immediately released, 3) adults collected during trap and haul below Kachess and Keechelus dams, and 4), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021.''

''Detection of PIT-tagged fish in the upper Kachess River is challenging for a few reasons. First, the lower river can be dry for much of the summer and fall (mid July - late October in 2024). Second, the antennas are powered by batteries charged by solar panels and by the time fish enter the river, sunlight has waned and snowfall can limit both the solar panels' ability to charge the batteries and access to the site. The lack of detections and ultimately the initial evaluation of the La Salle program has probably been influenced by compromised antenna operations and resulting lack of detections. In contrast the lower Box Canyon Creek sites are powered by propane. In 2023, 13 Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River, most of which had been collected and immediately released back into the upper Kachess River, although a single La Salle fish was detected at the lower site. However in 2024, eleven unique Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River from October 28 - November 22, all of which were La Salle fish released from 2020-2022. Eight fish were detected at the lower site and three fish were detected at the upper site but no fish were detected at both sites. (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b). See'' ''the [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population|Box Canyon Creek]] population monitoring section for Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek.''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 81% of the habitat below the Kachess River Falls and ranging between 37% and 95%. In the 9 years of surveys, the reach of the Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence consistently had the highest density of juvenile'' ''bull trout (ages 1-3). The mainstem Kachess River that perennially flows and dewaters had moderate densities, though variable. The Mineral Creek reach had the lowest densities, though only three years of surveys (2016 to 2018) were completed there. ''

''A stream restoration project completed at the end of 2023 focused on minimizing the extent and duration of dewatering in the dewatering reach and creating velocity refuge for fish in the perennially flowing reach below the Mineral Creek confluence. WDFW continued demographic surveys in 2024 and 2025 but has not observed any major changes in Bull Trout densities yet, though densities in the Kachess River are highly variable, making it more difficult to detect change. Six'' ''brook trout have been observed in nine years of demographic surveys. All six observations occurred in and between 2016 and 2018, and 5 of the 6 were in the dewatering reach, while the last was in the perennially flowing mainstem Kachess River below the Mineral Creek confluence.''

''In 2019, 72% of all the'' ''bull trout redds created in the Kachess River were within the inundation zone. This was a concern for three reasons: 1) these redds are susceptible to scour due to a highly unstable environment in this zone due to the lack of stable banks and increased bed mobilization, 2) when these redds are inundated with water they may have poor survival due to low oxygen concentrations, and 3) when the fry from these redds emerge from the redd and into a lake environment they are likely to be eaten. WDFW planned a study to remove half of the eggs from these redds and transfer them upstream to where redds are more common, while leaving the remainder of the eggs to see how survival differed between those moved and those not moved. When WDFW and several other stakeholders went out to mine the redds they were unable to find eggs in most of the redds. The only eggs that were found were those from a redd protected from high flows by a rock outcrop just upstream. The 21 eyed eggs found were not enough to complete the study. ''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Kachess Graph Through 2025.png|alt=redd counts highly variable|thumb|Figure 3: Upper Kachess River bull trout redd counts from 1998-2025]]
''There has been an attempt to conduct complete redd surveys in the river since 2000. These surveys cover the entire upper Kachess River from Kachess Reservoir (which is at low pool at that time) to the barrier waterfall, a distance of approximately 2.5 miles. The annual count has been highly variable (Figure'' 3'').''The spawning period for this population depends entirely on fall precipitation which rewaters the stream channel and allows access to the spawning grounds. In a typical year, this period extends from mid-October thru mid-November, at least a full month later than for other bull trout populations in the Yakima Basin. While the rains provide necessary access for fish, they also can hamper the ability to monitor this population. The upper Kachess River responds quickly to rainfall, and high flows have often severely reduced or eliminated the ability to conduct complete redd surveys. High flows commonly result in incomplete surveys ''and obscured redds between passes.''

''Up until 2019, Mineral Creek was only occasionally surveyed. Starting in 2020, Mineral Creek has been surveyed every year, though not necessarily with the three recommended passes.'' Brown (1992) reported that three redds were found in the creek in 1980. ''Between 1980 and the publication of the 2012 Bull Trout Action Plan, no adults or redds had been observed there. However, surveys at the time were only spot checks. More recently, the reach accessible to bull trout in Mineral Creek has been established as a yearly spawning survey index (1 pass per year starting in 2020, 3 passes per year starting in 2023). Several adult bull trout and a small number of redds have been observed since.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''One eDNA sample was collected in the upper Kachess River above the barrier waterfall in 2017 (Parrish 2017''<ref>Parrish, C. (2017). ''Upper Yakima Basin Bull Trout eDNA (2017)''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/eDNA-2017-Final-Report.pdf</nowiki></ref>''). The result was negative for bull trout DNA. Likewise, three samples were collected above the Mineral Creek barrier waterfall at 1km intervals and the results were negative for bull trout DNA.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998<ref>Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Klamath River and Columbia River Distinct Population Segments of Bull Trout, 1018-AB94 USFWS ___ (Dept of Interior 1998). <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFWS_1998.pdf</nowiki></ref>) considered the Kachess River subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation did not include the upper Kachess River local population as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River and a local population was not recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004<ref>WDFW. (2004). ''Washington State Salmonid Stock Inventory: Bull Trout/Dolly Varden'' (p. 449). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WDFW_2004.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

''While redd counts are somewhat incomplete due to environmental conditions during the spawning survey season, the 26 years of data show a variable population trend. Nonetheless, the population is small''. Despite the upper Kachess River population’s obvious obstacles (i.e., access and limited habitat area), it continues to persist. The highest redd count on record (33) was documented in 2011.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on the upper Kachess River range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to about 2,500 feet at the barrier waterfall, which is similar to the elevation at the base of the barrier falls on Mineral Creek. All of the reaches accessible to bull trout in both streams are located in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River has a varied history of resource extraction (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). Copper deposits were discovered on Mineral Creek in the late 1800s. A wagon road was built shortly thereafter to extract ore mined from the hillsides adjacent to the creek. The tailings of the mining operation are still visible as are the remains of the mining operations, even though they ended long ago. The watershed was heavily logged from 1968 through 1987 with some harvest occurring directly adjacent to the lower segment of the upper Kachess River. The roads that were built to accommodate timber harvest have been decommissioned except for FS 4600, ''which is the main road used to access the Mineral Creek Trailhead. The end of the road was decommissioned in 2025 where it entered the Kachess River floodplain. The road interrupted flow across the floodplain and probably contributed sediment to the stream. With the decommissioning of this portion of road, the Mineral Creek Trailhead was relocated. Human activity in the watershed is limited to recreation, including hiking and canyoneering, which has become a popular sport in Mineral Creek in the past decade.''

Habitat conditions in the upper Kachess system vary (except for water temperatures which are suitable throughout). Above the confluence of Mineral Creek and the Kachess River, the stream gradient of both streams is between 2 and 7% with channel widths ranging between 15 and 25 feet. ''Despite early habitat surveys stating that pools were frequent and LWD was prevalent, surveys in 2017 found these habitat features limiting (see more details below).'' The availability of spawning-size gravels, at least in the upper Kachess River, is good. The riparian corridor on both streams is composed of typical old-growth understory species and is healthy. Below the confluence for a distance of about 0.5 mile, high alluvial banks frequently confine the river. The channel widens, stream gradient decreases to about 1%, and pool frequency and depth decreases. The riparian corridor shows some signs of past disturbance but can still be described as healthy. Below this reach habitat conditions change dramatically. The channel width often exceeds 150 feet; LWD is scarce. The segment contains mostly riffle habitat and few pools. It is within this reach, often beginning near its downstream end, that the upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). ''The issue of dewatering is exacerbated by the fluctuating pool level because sediment transported in high flows settles immediately at the still water interface, leaving an elevated substrate surface when the pool is drawn down.'' The river generally remains disconnected until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October.

[[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|FMO habitat]] for the upper Kachess River bull trout population is in Kachess Reservoir.

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
[[File:AirExposureKachess.png|thumb|Figure 4. Periods of dewatering in the upper Kachess River over three years, extrapolated from temperature monitoring near the mouth of the Kachess River (winter dewatering periods are more difficult to detect given similar air, water and snow temperatures).]]
Meyer (2002) studied the effects of dewatering on juvenile bull trout and adult migration. The lower reach of the upper Kachess River is generally dewatered from mid-summer (''average date of disconnections is 7/17 with a range between 6/30 and 8/2'') until heavy precipitation waters the channel in late fall (''Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication''). ''Dewatering conditions have been noted during annual redd surveys since 2000. In 2017 WDFW fish passage biologists started annual monitoring of the timing and extent of dewatering via weekly surveys. A water temperature logger near the mouth of the creek also provides insight on yearly dewatering trends (Figure 4).''

''WDFW assisted with installation of temperature and stage monitoring equipment in the Kachess River at the Mineral Creek trail crossing in 2015 and in Mineral Creek just above the confluence with the Kachess River beginning in 2018. WDFW has been taking flow measurements at those sites since 2018. WDFW also installed a temperature probe between 2019 and 2020 in the inundation zone and starting in 2020 in the Kachess River about ½ a mile above the Mineral Creek confluence. Occasional flow measurements have been taken in the Kachess River near the high pool extent to document dewatering in that area and in the Kachess River just above the Mineral Creek confluence since 2018. Flow measurements are to understand the flow balance between Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River and flow loss across downstream reaches. The discharge in the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek is always lower than Mineral Creek by 6% to 62%, based on 26 paired measurements between 2018 and 2025 between Mineral Creek flows of 1.9 and 86.2 cfs. The proportional difference between the two streams is not related to Mineral Creek flow. For example, Kachess River flow above the Mineral Creek confluence can be ~30% of Mineral Creek flow when Mineral Creek is flowing at 2 cfs AND 86 cfs.''

''WDFW completed a modified Hankin and Reeves''<ref>Hankin, D., & Reeves, G. H. (1988). Estimating Total Fish Abundance and Total Habitat Area in Small Streams Based on Visual Estimation Methods. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', ''45'', 834–844.</ref> ''type of habitat survey in the perennial flow of the upper Kachess River and Mineral Creek in 2016, and in the dewatering section of the Kachess River in 2017. Wood quantification for these areas was completed by the USFWS in 2017 and WDFW included that data in its analysis. A comparison of various metrics derived from these surveys to guidelines for properly functioning habitat suggest that there is suitable spawning habitat, given the amount of cobble and low amounts of fine sediment. The survey also showed that the Upper Kachess River had sufficient wood volume, but insufficient pool quantity and depth, and insufficient wood quantity (pieces). Future habitat surveys will see an increase in wood and pool quantity due to the engineered habitat features installed in 2023.''

''USFWS has monitored surface water and groundwater post-restoration project. A total of nine surface water wells were installed within the project reach. Five surface water wells were installed by Interfluve prior to the restoration project to collect data to inform the design of the project. Four of the wells were re-deployed at the same pre-construction locations (one in Mineral Creek) and one surface water well was reinstalled near the pre-construction location, but not in the exact location. An additional four surface water wells were installed during construction and placed within the large wood structures. All nine surface water wells were logging as of January 2026. Eleven groundwater wells have been installed within the project reach. Three were installed prior to restoration implementation by Interfluve to inform design; two were installed in the same locations post-construction and one was relocated nearby. Eight additional wells were installed during construction. All eleven groundwater wells were logging as of January 2026. No groundwater or surface water data have been analyzed as of January 2026.''

''WDFW completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-September 2016 in the upper Kachess'' ''mainstem, Mineral Creek, and the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level and a sub-sample of invertebrates were measured for total length. Though further work was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred. Results show very similar numbers of macroinvertebrate individuals relative to Box Canyon, and both streams were dominated by Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, and had zero or extremely low numbers of Collembola, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. Kachess had extremely low numbers of Coleoptera while Box Canyon had two orders of magnitude higher amounts of Coleoptera.''

''The USBR is working on a geomorphology study of river deltas within Yakima Basin reservoirs to 1) characterize the delta surfaces including long profiles, topographic change, inundation frequency, and vegetation growth, and 2) model select surfaces (Gold Creek, Box Canyon, Indian Creek) to better understand hydraulic and sediment transport conditions. This is largely a research-based effort meant to explore existing conditions and potential simplified management strategies (simplified in the modeling context rather than a formal design).''

==== Stream Temperature Data ====
[[File:Upper Kachess River Longitudinal MWMT 2020-2023.png|thumb|Figure 5. Maximum weekly maximum temperature over four years in the Upper Kachess River System.]]
[[File:Kachess River above Mineral mean August Temperature.png|thumb|''Figure 6. Water temperature data for the Upper Kachess River shows a slight increase in mean August temperature over the four years of monitoring shown here.'']]
''WDFW and USFWS have monitored water temperature in the Upper Kachess River. Water temperature has been monitored at five sites: Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence (KRUS), Mineral Creek above the Kachess River confluence (MC2), Mainstem Upper Kachess River at the USFS Trail 1331 crossing (MCTC), at the downstream PIT antenna site near the upper edge of the inundation zone (KACL) and in the reservoir inundation zone (KACI). Long term monitoring has continued at KRUS, MC2, and KACL. Water temperature ranges between 9°C and 15°C (Figure 5). It is notable that the downstream site has some of the coldest water. This could be attributed to a spring tributary "Cold Ass Creek" that enters the river downstream of MCTC, but upstream of KACL. The KACL site is also influenced by dewatering, and was dry during the month of August in 2023, which probably skews the data toward July temperatures.''
''Water temperature for Kachess River, above the Mineral Creek confluence, shows a slight increase in mean August temperature between 2020 - 2023 (Figure 6). The temperature is continuing to be within the bull trout rearing temperature threshold, which is optimal between 7°C and 13°C depending on prey availability (McCullough and Spalding 2002).''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Since 2016, Kittitas Conservation Trust, along with partners, have been working to develop and implement plans for restoration actions to restore Kachess River and its floodplain. In 2023 restoration of phase one was completed, installing 1,576 logs and whole trees in 65 structures throughout the 1.2 miles of Kachess River downstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. Logs were primarily harvested through targeted forest health treatments on site. 13,964 live plants were installed to provide future riparian vitality and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species. The primary goal of this work was to create deeper pools with cover that is connected to ground water to aid in juvenile survival during annual dewatering periods. In 2025, phase 2 was completed with an effort to remove existing trailhead and road from the floodplain and replace it with a new trailhead and trail up out of the floodplain. The goal of this work was to improve water quality and restore tributary flows across the floodplain to help with water storage on the eastern floodplain through wetland retention and shallow water aquifer storage.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About a mile of the Upper Kachess River dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at confluence with the reservoir and extends upstream, with flows going fully subsurface in late July to mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. See [[Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above. During the Kachess River Restoration Project implemented by Kittitas Conservation Trust in 2023, it was also discovered that the geology plays a role in the sub-surface flows in the ~0.75 mile of stream closest to the reservoir. This area was likely to dewater historically. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. The Kachess River bull trout population spawns upstream of the dewatering area.''

''Sometimes large and small woody debris create temporary passage barriers in the upper Kachess River, upstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. In 2023, chainsaws and hand tools were used to modify a debris jam to allow passage to the spawning grounds.''

''Kachess Dam is also a fish passage barrier. Although this population is thought to have always had an adfluvial life history strategy, historically these fish had connectivity with the rest of the Yakima River system and may have migrated long distances. Likewise, bull trout from other Yakima River populations would have been able to access the spawning grounds in the Upper Kachess River. The construction of Kachess Dam in 1912 inhibited upstream movement of bull trout and genetically isolated the current population.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Between 2019 and 2024, 2,402 bull trout have been rescued from dewatering in the Upper Kachess river and raised in captivity by Yakama Nation. 1,303 of those were tagged and released into Kachess Reservoir. Only four of the tagged fish have been documented getting entrained through Kachess Dam since tagging began. While there is not a PIT antenna collecting information on tagged fish directly below Kachess Dam, some of the Kachess bull trout have been captured by USFWS below Kachess and Keechelus dams.''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''When high-energy flows carrying bed load hit the standing water at the edge of the reservoir, there are large deposition events that increase the elevation near the mouth of the creek, and may exacerbate fish passage issues under low flow conditions. When the reservoir is at low pool, dewatering extends across the reservoir bed. Despite the river going dry in this section, reservoir management is not the primary factor causing dewatering. However, the section of river flowing through the reservoir bed tends to reconnect to the reservoir sooner than upstream reaches and spawning has been known to occur here when bull trout cannot access the upper river. Spawning is probably not successful when eggs are laid in the inundation zone due to egg smothering when the reservoir pool level increases, redd scouring from high flows prior to inundation, and/or heavy predation on bull trout fry after emergence. Between 2009 (when individual redds started getting GPS locations) and 2024, about 12% of the redds have been built in the reservoir inundation zone. This amount of lost reproductive effort may have substantial negative impacts on the population.''

=== Land-use Issues ===
==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest in the mid 1900s, with commercial logging at the Kachess River occurring primarily between 1968-1986 (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). Logging on USFS lands went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Approximately half the riparian area was logged. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. Plum Creek Timber company owned land nearby, and also clear cut large swaths of land in the watershed (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced stream sinuosity and reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris. Both of these factors, in addition to mining effects, contribute to bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, and annual dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no current agriculture or grazing in this area.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''The Kachess River population of bull trout utilize Kachess Reservoir and the Upper Kachess River. The majority of recreational impacts probably occur on the west side of the reservoir in and around Kachess Campground. The campground has ~100 developed campsites and stays busy throughout the summer season. There is a motorized and a non-motorized boat launch, so water activities are popular including fishing, boating, kayaking, stand up paddle boarding and swimming. The Mineral Creek Trailhead is a popular site for backpackers to access Alpine Lakes Wilderness. The former parking area was located adjacent to Kachess River and a small intermittent tributary, which increased sedimentation and road maintenance needs in the direct vicinity of Kachess River. Hikers also have to cross the river to continue on the trail, and often place wood or rocks across the creek as a "bridge." The impacts to bull trout from these recreational activities have not been quantified. In 2025, as the final part of the Kachess River Restoration Project, the Mineral Creek Trailhead and parking area were relocated away from the creek, and the old road and parking area were decommissioned.''

''A newer activity in the watershed is canyoneering (first descent noted as 2020 via [https://ropewiki.com/Mineral_Creek_(Alpine_Lakes) Rope Wiki]), particularly occurring in Mineral Creek. The canyoners are known to take the trail adjacent to the creek until they reach their desired access points, at which point they descend to the creek. This may not have direct impacts to bull trout habitat, but there is potential for downstream flow of waste, etc.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant)''

''There are approximately 5 miles of road along the West shore of Kachess Reservoir to allow access to housing developments and the campground. This road is not thought to have negative population effects. Housing and the campground are probably not impacting bull trout negatively. The sedimentation and issues with the road leading to the old Mineral Creek Trail should be mitigated through the 2025 decommission and trailhead relocation project.''

''Historic road building in the floodplain of the upper Kachess River probably had the largest impact on this population through alteration of spawning and rearing habitat. During the Kachess River Restoration Project, some of these old road beds were utilized for access, then returned to a "natural" condition. They have now been officially decommissioned, by USFS definition.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant)''

''Copper mining occurred in the headwaters of Kachess River and Mineral Creek in the early 1900s. The mine tailings were sluiced downstream into Mineral Creek and with decades of high-energy stream flow there has been an excessive amount of rough cobble material deposited into the floodplain down below (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). Deposition of gravels and cobbles has likely worsened dewatering conditions in the lower 1.5 miles of stream habitat.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Only six brook trout have been observed in the upper Kachess River over nine years of demographic surveys. Hybridization has not been documented here. Brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek and may be abundant in some of the reservoir tributaries, including Lodge Creek. The distribution in the watershed is not fully understood, but there are some surveys that help elucidate distribution (See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] for more details). When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys in the Upper Kachess River, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they are not yet abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have been no reports of other invasive species in the upper Kachess River.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''A 2017 study in Kachess Reservoir found that feeding rates of bull trout are not limited by foraging opportunities and that the prey base in the reservoir could support larger populations of bull trout (Hansen et al. 2017''<ref name=":2">Hansen, A., Polacek, M., Connelly, K., & Gardner, J. (2017). ''Food web interactions in Kachess and Keechelus Reservoirs, Washington: Implications for threatened adfluvial bull trout and management of water storage'' [Final Report]. Washington State Department of Ecology. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hansenetal2017-FinalReport-KachessKeechelusFoodWebStructure-Phase2-ContractVersion.pdf</nowiki></ref>''). The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess and should continue. These stocked kokanee probably make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production after the construction of Kachess Dam.''

''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017''<ref name=":2" />''), potentially resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022''<ref>Taylor, A. (2022). ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-adult Adfluvial Bull Trout'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki></ref>'').''

''The study did not look at prey base in the Upper Kachess River. Age 0 bull trout primarily feed on macroinvertebrates, then switch to piscivory between age 1 and 2. Density and concentration of prey items may be affected by dewatering and low flow conditions.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No instances of disease have been reported.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''The upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall in the 1.5 miles above the reservoir. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. Juvenile bull trout become stranded in isolated pools. Some are rescued and relocated to perennial flow, or given to the [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|Yakama Nation for captive rearing.]] It is notable that large numbers (~1000+) bull trout fry have been rescued from the dewatering section in the upper Kachess River over the past decade and that habitat restoration has been implemented to reduce the effects of seasonal dewatering.Those fish that evade rescue eventually desiccate or are predated upon.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

The NorWest Stream Temperature Model predicts stream temperatures in the Upper Kachess River to be 12-14''°C into 2080 (Isaak et. al 2016). Empirical data collected between 2020-2023, as seen in the Stream Temperature section above, never shows maximum weekly maximum temperature above 15°C, except for in the reservoir inundation, which may be influenced by reservoir temperatures. Unlike many other populations, stream temperature in the Upper Kachess River in habitat accessible to bull trout is not an immediate threat.''

==== Other changes in hydrology ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Instances of drought have increased over the past few decades and contribute to reduced snowpack, earlier peak run-off and extended periods of dry streambeds. Lack of summer and fall rains, combined with geomorphology, inhibit fish passage into the Upper Kachess River, potentially impacting reproductive success of adult bull trout.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''The upper Kachess River is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The remote nature of the creek makes access somewhat difficult, so fishing pressure is probably reduced.''

''Fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir, please see this threat on the [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|Kachess Reservoir FMO]] page for more details.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The Kachess population of bull trout is one of the most highly studied in the Yakima River Basin. Research impacts on the population are unknown and unquantified. Annual redd surveys involve hiking in the stream. Bull trout are observed passively in snorkel surveys, actively rescued from dewatering, and handled for biological sampling of fin tissue and measurements. All captured bull trout >100 mm are PIT tagged. A study from 2019-2023 surgically inserted acoustic tags into wild-captured (only 1) and captive-reared bull trout. Bull Trout from the Kachess River population are being reared in captivity and released at a larger size. While the program has greatly increased success in survival, there was initially a high mortality rate of Kachess River bull trout in captivity. Another concern is the genetic implications of the fish rescue program.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low population abundance, inbreeding''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers (dewatering and Kachess Dam) and low population abundance. Dewatering in the lower reaches of the spawning tributary also appears to be limiting the population ''through stranding of juvenile and YOY bull trout and access to the spawning grounds. This potentially natural effect is exacerbated by reservoir fluctuations, legacy logging and mining impacts, and climate change. These factors work to increase the seasonal period of dewatering and limit habitat. Restoration of the lower portion of the river should mitigate some of these effects.'' Other threats include angling in Kachess Reservoir, entrainment at Kachess Dam, lack of marine derived nutrients, ''potential expansion of'' brook trout, and the limited habitat due to the inundation of lower reaches of the upper Kachess River when the dam was completed and the reservoir filled. ''One threat we are starting to gain more information about is the potential of inbreeding and inbreeding depression due to small population size.''

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not considered a significant threat. Threats due to agriculture, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
The remaining high priority actions involve passage at the broad scale (Kachess Dam) and addressing low abundance via ''rescue-and-rear of stranded bull trout. Monitoring and adaptive management strategies for bull trout rescue need to be ongoing to reduce the potential of negative genetic effects to the population.'' ''The Kachess River Restoration Project (see [[Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] above) was initially discussed in 2016 and was implemented in 2023 to reduce the threat of dewatering and improve habitat. However, if bull trout rescue is an ongoing need, some bull trout could be kept as brood stock for artificial propagation.''

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Continuation of post-restoration project monitoring: habitat and fish demographics''

''Genetic monitoring''

''Ongoing temperature monitoring''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===
''Kachess Action #1:''

* ''Step 1 - Hydrogeomorphic evaluation in upper Kachess River (not Mineral Creek) to determine mechanisms and solutions for annual dewatering (completed prior to implementation).''
* ''Step 2 - Implementation of a habitat enhancement project (completed in 2023).''

''Kachess Action #2:''

* ''Step 1 - Mineral Creek Trailhead restoration (relocation of trailhead and restoration of old parking area was completed in 2025).''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct supplementation feasibility

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor any genetic samples for introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainments surveys at storage dams

==== Kachess River Actions ====
Kachess River Actions #3: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

''Kachess River Action #4: Monitor habitat conditions and fish response post-restoration project.''

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in'' ''October 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Kachess River/Box Canyon Creek small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References<ref name=":0" /> ==

Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population

2026-03-09T21:01:00Z

ATaylor: /* Stream Temperature Data */

== Overview ==
The upper Kachess River is the smaller of two streams in what is locally known as the Kachess River/Mineral Creek system. Mineral Creek joins the river approximately 1.2 miles above the reservoir (at full pool) and contributes about 75% of the downstream flow (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0">Meyer, W. R. (2002). ''The effects of seasonal stream de-watering on three age classes of bull trout, Salvelinus confluenctus'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Meyer-2002.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Despite this flow discrepancy the stream is referred to as the Kachess River below this confluence, a fact that has caused some confusion in the past. It is referred to as the ''upper'' Kachess River in this document to differentiate it from the lower Kachess River, a 0.6-mile reach below Kachess Dam that flows into Easton Reservoir and the Yakima River.

Mineral Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and the headwaters of the upper Kachess River originate on other lands managed by the Forest Service. The Kachess river flows into the north end of Kachess Reservoir. All accessible fish habitat in the two streams is in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River almost always goes dry for about 1.5 miles above the reservoir during late summer and early fall, never dewatering upstream of the Mineral Creek Trail crossing (USFS Trail 1331).

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
[[File:Screenshot 2025-12-23 110044.png|thumb|Figure 1. PIT antenna detections of bull trout near the mouth of the upper Kachess River (denoted as "Lower Kachess River") in the figure title. Note the lack of water temperature data between mid July and late October, indicating the period where the river was dry. As water returned, bull trout were detected on the antenna in October and November.]]
The upper Kachess River population displays an adfluvial life history. The population spawns primarily in the upper Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence although a few redds are sometimes found downstream. While Mineral Creek contains some suitable spawning habitat, few redds are observed there. Juvenile bull trout are known to use both Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River for rearing with their distribution extending down to the reservoir. Kachess Reservoir provides [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|FMO habitat]] for subadult and adult fish. ''Unlike other populations in the Yakima River Basin which mostly migrate into the spawning tributaries between May and September,'' adults from this population have been observed to migrate into the upper Kachess River in October ''and November'', after fall rains have re-watered the reach above the reservoir (W. Meyer, WDFW, pers comm, 2012) (Figure 1. Beebe et al. 2025<ref>Beebe, B., Cunningham, C., Hamilton, B., & Haskell, C. (2025). ''Yakima Bull Trout Trap, Transport, and Monitoring Project 2024 Progress Report'' [Progress]. USFWS, MCFWCO. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Yakima-Basin-Bull-Trout-Transport-Project_2024_Final.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
[[File:Kachess Falls.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The upstream passage barrier on the upper Kachess River, a ~60 foot waterfall. ]]
Fish passage barriers are located 0.2 miles up Mineral Creek (Falls/Debris jam at 47.42295, -121.2492) and 0.5 miles up the upper Kachess River (Falls at 47.4239874, -121.2344328) (Figure 2). ''It is of note that a larger, more permanent falls is located just upstream of the reported fish barrier on Mineral Creek at RM 0.25.''

=== Population Genetics ===
Results of genetic analyses show this population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Baseline genetic samples were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey conducted in 1997 by CWU researchers and WDFW biologists (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1">Reiss, Y. (2003). ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf</nowiki></ref>). ''A couple of adult bull trout were collected at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek in 2020. Rapid genetic analysis on these two bull trout showed the probabilities of the population of origin were 0.90 Box 0.10 Kachess and 0.53 Box and 0.47 Kachess, indicating some genetic introgression between the two populations (Von Bargen 2021''<ref>Von Bargen, J. (2021). ''2021 Upper Yakima Bull Trout Rapid Response Genetic Population ID''. USFWS. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Von-Bargen-2021.pdf</nowiki></ref>'').''

Upstream connectivity was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912. ''Genetic exchange with other Yakima populations of bull trout may occur downstream of the dam due to entrainment, but it is undocumented.'' For more detailed information, see the Population Genetics section of the [[Kachess Lake Bull Trout Population Group|Kachess Reservoir Bull Trout Population Group]] page.

=== Population Monitoring ===
Four adult bull trout were observed in October 1980 in the upper Kachess River by a WDFW (then Washington Department of Wildlife) electrofishing crew (USFS 1980<ref>USFS. (1980). ''Kachess River Study''. Wenatchee National Forest. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Kachess-River-1980.pdf</nowiki></ref>). Brown (1992) also reported that adults were found in Mineral Creek and that bull trout redds (three in Mineral Creek and two in the Kachess River) were observed. Returning in 1993 on four separate dates between late August and mid-October, no adult bull trout were found, though juveniles were. A CWU graduate student reported the presence of “small” adult bull trout in the Kachess/Mineral system in July 1996, but found no redds when he returned in October (Craig 1996<ref>Craig, S. (1996). ''Scott Craig snorkel surveys 1996''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Craig_1996.xlsx</nowiki></ref>). In 1998, WDFW conducted an exploratory redd survey, but found no redds or adult bull trout. It was not until two years later that adult presence was once again documented, when 17 adults were observed in 11 snorkel surveys conducted from July thru November 2000 (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />; James 2002a<ref>James, P. W. (2002). ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf</nowiki></ref>). 15 bull trout redds were found in the first complete redd survey conducted that same year. Through these efforts, it became clear that the timing of adult bull trout presence in the upper Kachess River was dependent on fall precipitation, which reconnected the river with the lake and that the population was adfluvial. Ongoing redd surveys conducted since 2000 support this (Divens 2025<ref>Divens, M. (2025). ''2024 Yakima Basin Bull Trout Spawning Surveys''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2024-Yakima-Bull-Trout-Spawning-Surveys-Final-Report-DIVENS.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

Juvenile bull trout presence in the Kachess/Mineral system was first documented in 1980 when WDFW conducted the electrofishing described above; bull trout were found in both streams. The Forest Service observed juveniles in snorkel surveys conducted in Mineral Creek in 1990 and 1991. Craig (1996) observed juvenile bull trout in the system in 1996. CWU researchers Paul and Brenda James, with assistance from WDFW, snorkeled about 0.7 mile in the Kachess/Mineral system in 1997 starting about a tenth of a mile below the confluence of the two streams and continuing up Mineral Creek to the barrier waterfall and obtained genetic samples from 30 juvenile bull trout (Reiss 2003<ref name=":1" />). In 2000, CWU graduate student William Meyer conducted snorkel surveys from late July through mid-November from the mouth of the upper Kachess River up to the barrier waterfall on the river and observed both juvenile and adult bull trout. For his thesis work investigating the effects of seasonal dewatering on different age classes of bull trout, he calculated juvenile densities, determined adult migration and spawn timing, monitored stream discharge and channel condition, and documented life-stage specific mortalities resulting from channel dewatering (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />).

''In'' ''2019, the Yakama Nation initiated their [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] with the goal of maintaining and increasing population numbers and monitoring population trends. As part of this project, young of year (YOY) bull trout are rescued from the dewatering reach of the upper Kachess River and temporarily relocated to La Salle fish rearing facility, where they are fed a natural diet. As of 2024 1,303 upper Kachess River YOY have been reared in captivity, tagged, and released into the reservoir about 10 months later. In 2024, the first of those bull trout were detected entering the river during the spawning season. In 2025 more detections occurred and video evidence of bull trout staging to spawn was captured, indicating that rescued YOY were successfully reared in captivity and survived to spawn and contribute to the next generation.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas at two locations in the upper Kachess River, a lower site, 0.2 km upstream of the mouth and an upper site, 2.8 km upstream of the mouth (distance varies depending on the pool elevation). The lower array has been frequently blown out and vandalized and has consisted of permanent pass through types and temporary submersible types (sometimes a combination) over the years. They also maintain antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (0.2 km upstream from the mouth), temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed, and in The Narrows during low water.''

''PIT-tagged Kachess River fish come from four sources: 1) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, reared over the winter at La Salle, and then released into Kachess Reservoir, 2) juveniles collected in the upper Kachess River, tagged, and immediately released, 3) adults collected during trap and haul below Kachess and Keechelus dams, and 4), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021.''

''Detection of PIT-tagged fish in the upper Kachess River is challenging for a few reasons. First, the lower river can be dry for much of the summer and fall (mid July - late October in 2024). Second, the antennas are powered by batteries charged by solar panels and by the time fish enter the river, sunlight has waned and snowfall can limit both the solar panels' ability to charge the batteries and access to the site. The lack of detections and ultimately the initial evaluation of the La Salle program has probably been influenced by compromised antenna operations and resulting lack of detections. In contrast the lower Box Canyon Creek sites are powered by propane. In 2023, 13 Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River, most of which had been collected and immediately released back into the upper Kachess River, although a single La Salle fish was detected at the lower site. However in 2024, eleven unique Bull Trout were detected in the upper Kachess River from October 28 - November 22, all of which were La Salle fish released from 2020-2022. Eight fish were detected at the lower site and three fish were detected at the upper site but no fish were detected at both sites. (Beebe et al. 2025 a,b). See'' ''the [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population|Box Canyon Creek]] population monitoring section for Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek.''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 81% of the habitat below the Kachess River Falls and ranging between 37% and 95%. In the 9 years of surveys, the reach of the Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence consistently had the highest density of juvenile'' ''bull trout (ages 1-3). The mainstem Kachess River that perennially flows and dewaters had moderate densities, though variable. The Mineral Creek reach had the lowest densities, though only three years of surveys (2016 to 2018) were completed there. ''

''A stream restoration project completed at the end of 2023 focused on minimizing the extent and duration of dewatering in the dewatering reach and creating velocity refuge for fish in the perennially flowing reach below the Mineral Creek confluence. WDFW continued demographic surveys in 2024 and 2025 but has not observed any major changes in Bull Trout densities yet, though densities in the Kachess River are highly variable, making it more difficult to detect change. Six'' ''brook trout have been observed in nine years of demographic surveys. All six observations occurred in and between 2016 and 2018, and 5 of the 6 were in the dewatering reach, while the last was in the perennially flowing mainstem Kachess River below the Mineral Creek confluence.''

''In 2019, 72% of all the'' ''bull trout redds created in the Kachess River were within the inundation zone. This was a concern for three reasons: 1) these redds are susceptible to scour due to a highly unstable environment in this zone due to the lack of stable banks and increased bed mobilization, 2) when these redds are inundated with water they may have poor survival due to low oxygen concentrations, and 3) when the fry from these redds emerge from the redd and into a lake environment they are likely to be eaten. WDFW planned a study to remove half of the eggs from these redds and transfer them upstream to where redds are more common, while leaving the remainder of the eggs to see how survival differed between those moved and those not moved. When WDFW and several other stakeholders went out to mine the redds they were unable to find eggs in most of the redds. The only eggs that were found were those from a redd protected from high flows by a rock outcrop just upstream. The 21 eyed eggs found were not enough to complete the study. ''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Kachess Graph Through 2025.png|alt=redd counts highly variable|thumb|Figure 3: Upper Kachess River bull trout redd counts from 1998-2025]]
''There has been an attempt to conduct complete redd surveys in the river since 2000. These surveys cover the entire upper Kachess River from Kachess Reservoir (which is at low pool at that time) to the barrier waterfall, a distance of approximately 2.5 miles. The annual count has been highly variable (Figure'' 3'').''The spawning period for this population depends entirely on fall precipitation which rewaters the stream channel and allows access to the spawning grounds. In a typical year, this period extends from mid-October thru mid-November, at least a full month later than for other bull trout populations in the Yakima Basin. While the rains provide necessary access for fish, they also can hamper the ability to monitor this population. The upper Kachess River responds quickly to rainfall, and high flows have often severely reduced or eliminated the ability to conduct complete redd surveys. High flows commonly result in incomplete surveys ''and obscured redds between passes.''

''Up until 2019, Mineral Creek was only occasionally surveyed. Starting in 2020, Mineral Creek has been surveyed every year, though not necessarily with the three recommended passes.'' Brown (1992) reported that three redds were found in the creek in 1980. ''Between 1980 and the publication of the 2012 Bull Trout Action Plan, no adults or redds had been observed there. However, surveys at the time were only spot checks. More recently, the reach accessible to bull trout in Mineral Creek has been established as a yearly spawning survey index (1 pass per year starting in 2020, 3 passes per year starting in 2023). Several adult bull trout and a small number of redds have been observed since.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''One eDNA sample was collected in the upper Kachess River above the barrier waterfall in 2017 (Parrish 2017''<ref>Parrish, C. (2017). ''Upper Yakima Basin Bull Trout eDNA (2017)''. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/eDNA-2017-Final-Report.pdf</nowiki></ref>''). The result was negative for bull trout DNA. Likewise, three samples were collected above the Mineral Creek barrier waterfall at 1km intervals and the results were negative for bull trout DNA.''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998<ref>Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Klamath River and Columbia River Distinct Population Segments of Bull Trout, 1018-AB94 USFWS ___ (Dept of Interior 1998). <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFWS_1998.pdf</nowiki></ref>) considered the Kachess River subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation did not include the upper Kachess River local population as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River and a local population was not recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004<ref>WDFW. (2004). ''Washington State Salmonid Stock Inventory: Bull Trout/Dolly Varden'' (p. 449). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WDFW_2004.pdf</nowiki></ref>).

''While redd counts are somewhat incomplete due to environmental conditions during the spawning survey season, the 26 years of data show a variable population trend. Nonetheless, the population is small''. Despite the upper Kachess River population’s obvious obstacles (i.e., access and limited habitat area), it continues to persist. The highest redd count on record (33) was documented in 2011.

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on the upper Kachess River range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to about 2,500 feet at the barrier waterfall, which is similar to the elevation at the base of the barrier falls on Mineral Creek. All of the reaches accessible to bull trout in both streams are located in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The upper Kachess River has a varied history of resource extraction (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). Copper deposits were discovered on Mineral Creek in the late 1800s. A wagon road was built shortly thereafter to extract ore mined from the hillsides adjacent to the creek. The tailings of the mining operation are still visible as are the remains of the mining operations, even though they ended long ago. The watershed was heavily logged from 1968 through 1987 with some harvest occurring directly adjacent to the lower segment of the upper Kachess River. The roads that were built to accommodate timber harvest have been decommissioned except for FS 4600, ''which is the main road used to access the Mineral Creek Trailhead. The end of the road was decommissioned in 2025 where it entered the Kachess River floodplain. The road interrupted flow across the floodplain and probably contributed sediment to the stream. With the decommissioning of this portion of road, the Mineral Creek Trailhead was relocated. Human activity in the watershed is limited to recreation, including hiking and canyoneering, which has become a popular sport in Mineral Creek in the past decade.''

Habitat conditions in the upper Kachess system vary (except for water temperatures which are suitable throughout). Above the confluence of Mineral Creek and the Kachess River, the stream gradient of both streams is between 2 and 7% with channel widths ranging between 15 and 25 feet. ''Despite early habitat surveys stating that pools were frequent and LWD was prevalent, surveys in 2017 found these habitat features limiting (see more details below).'' The availability of spawning-size gravels, at least in the upper Kachess River, is good. The riparian corridor on both streams is composed of typical old-growth understory species and is healthy. Below the confluence for a distance of about 0.5 mile, high alluvial banks frequently confine the river. The channel widens, stream gradient decreases to about 1%, and pool frequency and depth decreases. The riparian corridor shows some signs of past disturbance but can still be described as healthy. Below this reach habitat conditions change dramatically. The channel width often exceeds 150 feet; LWD is scarce. The segment contains mostly riffle habitat and few pools. It is within this reach, often beginning near its downstream end, that the upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002<ref name=":0" />). ''The issue of dewatering is exacerbated by the fluctuating pool level because sediment transported in high flows settles immediately at the still water interface, leaving an elevated substrate surface when the pool is drawn down.'' The river generally remains disconnected until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October.

[[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|FMO habitat]] for the upper Kachess River bull trout population is in Kachess Reservoir.

=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
[[File:AirExposureKachess.png|thumb|Figure 4. Periods of dewatering in the upper Kachess River over three years, extrapolated from temperature monitoring near the mouth of the Kachess River (winter dewatering periods are more difficult to detect given similar air, water and snow temperatures).]]
Meyer (2002) studied the effects of dewatering on juvenile bull trout and adult migration. The lower reach of the upper Kachess River is generally dewatered from mid-summer (''average date of disconnections is 7/17 with a range between 6/30 and 8/2'') until heavy precipitation waters the channel in late fall (''Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication''). ''Dewatering conditions have been noted during annual redd surveys since 2000. In 2017 WDFW fish passage biologists started annual monitoring of the timing and extent of dewatering via weekly surveys. A water temperature logger near the mouth of the creek also provides insight on yearly dewatering trends (Figure 4).''

''WDFW assisted with installation of temperature and stage monitoring equipment in the Kachess River at the Mineral Creek trail crossing in 2015 and in Mineral Creek just above the confluence with the Kachess River beginning in 2018. WDFW has been taking flow measurements at those sites since 2018. WDFW also installed a temperature probe between 2019 and 2020 in the inundation zone and starting in 2020 in the Kachess River about ½ a mile above the Mineral Creek confluence. Occasional flow measurements have been taken in the Kachess River near the high pool extent to document dewatering in that area and in the Kachess River just above the Mineral Creek confluence since 2018. Flow measurements are to understand the flow balance between Mineral Creek and the upper Kachess River and flow loss across downstream reaches. The discharge in the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek is always lower than Mineral Creek by 6% to 62%, based on 26 paired measurements between 2018 and 2025 between Mineral Creek flows of 1.9 and 86.2 cfs. The proportional difference between the two streams is not related to Mineral Creek flow. For example, Kachess River flow above the Mineral Creek confluence can be ~30% of Mineral Creek flow when Mineral Creek is flowing at 2 cfs AND 86 cfs.''

''WDFW completed a modified Hankin and Reeves''<ref>Hankin, D., & Reeves, G. H. (1988). Estimating Total Fish Abundance and Total Habitat Area in Small Streams Based on Visual Estimation Methods. ''Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences'', ''45'', 834–844.</ref> ''type of habitat survey in the perennial flow of the upper Kachess River and Mineral Creek in 2016, and in the dewatering section of the Kachess River in 2017. Wood quantification for these areas was completed by the USFWS in 2017 and WDFW included that data in its analysis. A comparison of various metrics derived from these surveys to guidelines for properly functioning habitat suggest that there is suitable spawning habitat, given the amount of cobble and low amounts of fine sediment. The survey also showed that the Upper Kachess River had sufficient wood volume, but insufficient pool quantity and depth, and insufficient wood quantity (pieces). Future habitat surveys will see an increase in wood and pool quantity due to the engineered habitat features installed in 2023.''

''USFWS has monitored surface water and groundwater post-restoration project. A total of nine surface water wells were installed within the project reach. Five surface water wells were installed by Interfluve prior to the restoration project to collect data to inform the design of the project. Four of the wells were re-deployed at the same pre-construction locations (one in Mineral Creek) and one surface water well was reinstalled near the pre-construction location, but not in the exact location. An additional four surface water wells were installed during construction and placed within the large wood structures. All nine surface water wells were logging as of January 2026. Eleven groundwater wells have been installed within the project reach. Three were installed prior to restoration implementation by Interfluve to inform design; two were installed in the same locations post-construction and one was relocated nearby. Eight additional wells were installed during construction. All eleven groundwater wells were logging as of January 2026. No groundwater or surface water data have been analyzed as of January 2026.''

''WDFW completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-September 2016 in the upper Kachess'' ''mainstem, Mineral Creek, and the Kachess River above the confluence with Mineral Creek. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level and a sub-sample of invertebrates were measured for total length. Though further work was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred. Results show very similar numbers of macroinvertebrate individuals relative to Box Canyon, and both streams were dominated by Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, and had zero or extremely low numbers of Collembola, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. Kachess had extremely low numbers of Coleoptera while Box Canyon had two orders of magnitude higher amounts of Coleoptera.''

''The USBR is working on a geomorphology study of river deltas within Yakima Basin reservoirs to 1) characterize the delta surfaces including long profiles, topographic change, inundation frequency, and vegetation growth, and 2) model select surfaces (Gold Creek, Box Canyon, Indian Creek) to better understand hydraulic and sediment transport conditions. This is largely a research-based effort meant to explore existing conditions and potential simplified management strategies (simplified in the modeling context rather than a formal design).''

==== Stream Temperature Data ====
[[File:Upper Kachess River Longitudinal MWMT 2020-2023.png|thumb|Figure 5. Maximum weekly maximum temperature over four years in the Upper Kachess River System.]]
[[File:Kachess River above Mineral mean August Temperature.png|thumb|''Figure 6. Water temperature data for the Upper Kachess River shows a slight increase in mean August temperature over the four years of monitoring shown here.'']]
''WDFW and USFWS have monitored water temperature in the Upper Kachess River. Water temperature has been monitored at five sites: Kachess River above the Mineral Creek confluence (KRUS), Mineral Creek above the Kachess River confluence (MC2), Mainstem Upper Kachess River at the USFS Trail 1331 crossing (MCTC), at the downstream PIT antenna site near the upper edge of the inundation zone (KACL) and in the reservoir inundation zone (KACI). Long term monitoring has continued at KRUS, MC2, and KACL. Water temperature ranges between 9°C and 15°C (Figure 5). It is notable that the downstream site has some of the coldest water. This could be attributed to a spring tributary "Cold Ass Creek" that enters the river downstream of MCTC, but upstream of KACL. The KACL site is also influenced by dewatering, and was dry during the month of August in 2023, which probably skews the data toward July temperatures.''
''Water temperature for Kachess River, above the Mineral Creek confluence, shows a slight increase in mean August temperature between 2020 - 2023 (Figure 6). The temperature is continuing to be within the bull trout rearing temperature threshold, which is optimal between 7°C and 13°C depending on prey availability (McCullough and Spalding 2002).''

==== Restoration Actions ====
''Since 2016, Kittitas Conservation Trust, along with partners, have been working to develop and implement plans for restoration actions to restore Kachess River and its floodplain. In 2023 restoration of phase one was completed, installing 1,576 logs and whole trees in 65 structures throughout the 1.2 miles of Kachess River downstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. Logs were primarily harvested through targeted forest health treatments on site. 13,964 live plants were installed to provide future riparian vitality and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species. The primary goal of this work was to create deeper pools with cover that is connected to ground water to aid in juvenile survival during annual dewatering periods. In 2025, phase 2 was completed with an effort to remove existing trailhead and road from the floodplain and replace it with a new trailhead and trail up out of the floodplain. The goal of this work was to improve water quality and restore tributary flows across the floodplain to help with water storage on the eastern floodplain through wetland retention and shallow water aquifer storage.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''About a mile of the Upper Kachess River dewaters annually. The dewatering typically begins at confluence with the reservoir and extends upstream, with flows going fully subsurface in late July to mid-August. This is believed to occur due to past land use activities including mining and logging (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). These activities increased channel width, reduced LWD recruitment, and resulted in massive amounts of alluvial material settling in the valley bottom. See [[Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population#Habitat Overview|Habitat Overview]] section above. During the Kachess River Restoration Project implemented by Kittitas Conservation Trust in 2023, it was also discovered that the geology plays a role in the sub-surface flows in the ~0.75 mile of stream closest to the reservoir. This area was likely to dewater historically. The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. The Kachess River bull trout population spawns upstream of the dewatering area.''

''Sometimes large and small woody debris create temporary passage barriers in the upper Kachess River, upstream of the confluence with Mineral Creek. In 2023, chainsaws and hand tools were used to modify a debris jam to allow passage to the spawning grounds.''

''Kachess Dam is also a fish passage barrier. Although this population is thought to have always had an adfluvial life history strategy, historically these fish had connectivity with the rest of the Yakima River system and may have migrated long distances. Likewise, bull trout from other Yakima River populations would have been able to access the spawning grounds in the Upper Kachess River. The construction of Kachess Dam in 1912 inhibited upstream movement of bull trout and genetically isolated the current population.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Between 2019 and 2024, 2,402 bull trout have been rescued from dewatering in the Upper Kachess river and raised in captivity by Yakama Nation. 1,303 of those were tagged and released into Kachess Reservoir. Only four of the tagged fish have been documented getting entrained through Kachess Dam since tagging began. While there is not a PIT antenna collecting information on tagged fish directly below Kachess Dam, some of the Kachess bull trout have been captured by USFWS below Kachess and Keechelus dams.''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''When high-energy flows carrying bed load hit the standing water at the edge of the reservoir, there are large deposition events that increase the elevation near the mouth of the creek, and may exacerbate fish passage issues under low flow conditions. When the reservoir is at low pool, dewatering extends across the reservoir bed. Despite the river going dry in this section, reservoir management is not the primary factor causing dewatering. However, the section of river flowing through the reservoir bed tends to reconnect to the reservoir sooner than upstream reaches and spawning has been known to occur here when bull trout cannot access the upper river. Spawning is probably not successful when eggs are laid in the inundation zone due to egg smothering when the reservoir pool level increases, redd scouring from high flows prior to inundation, and/or heavy predation on bull trout fry after emergence. Between 2009 (when individual redds started getting GPS locations) and 2024, about 12% of the redds have been built in the reservoir inundation zone. This amount of lost reproductive effort may have substantial negative impacts on the population.''

=== Land-use Issues ===
==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant (historical effects still significant).''

''The Kachess Reservoir watershed experienced substantial timber harvest in the mid 1900s, with commercial logging at the Kachess River occurring primarily between 1968-1986 (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). Logging on USFS lands went along the river corridor all the way to the banks of the creek. Approximately half the riparian area was logged. Roads were built to haul materials and logs out of the site. Plum Creek Timber company owned land nearby, and also clear cut large swaths of land in the watershed (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). The effects of clear cut logging and associated roads include reduced stream sinuosity and reduced recruitment and storage of large woody debris. Both of these factors, in addition to mining effects, contribute to bank instability, excessive cobble deposition in the valley bottom, and annual dewatering.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no current agriculture or grazing in this area.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant''

''The Kachess River population of bull trout utilize Kachess Reservoir and the Upper Kachess River. The majority of recreational impacts probably occur on the west side of the reservoir in and around Kachess Campground. The campground has ~100 developed campsites and stays busy throughout the summer season. There is a motorized and a non-motorized boat launch, so water activities are popular including fishing, boating, kayaking, stand up paddle boarding and swimming. The Mineral Creek Trailhead is a popular site for backpackers to access Alpine Lakes Wilderness. The former parking area was located adjacent to Kachess River and a small intermittent tributary, which increased sedimentation and road maintenance needs in the direct vicinity of Kachess River. Hikers also have to cross the river to continue on the trail, and often place wood or rocks across the creek as a "bridge." The impacts to bull trout from these recreational activities have not been quantified. In 2025, as the final part of the Kachess River Restoration Project, the Mineral Creek Trailhead and parking area were relocated away from the creek, and the old road and parking area were decommissioned.''

''A newer activity in the watershed is canyoneering (first descent noted as 2020 via [https://ropewiki.com/Mineral_Creek_(Alpine_Lakes) Rope Wiki]), particularly occurring in Mineral Creek. The canyoners are known to take the trail adjacent to the creek until they reach their desired access points, at which point they descend to the creek. This may not have direct impacts to bull trout habitat, but there is potential for downstream flow of waste, etc.''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant)''

''There are approximately 5 miles of road along the West shore of Kachess Reservoir to allow access to housing developments and the campground. This road is not thought to have negative population effects. Housing and the campground are probably not impacting bull trout negatively. The sedimentation and issues with the road leading to the old Mineral Creek Trail should be mitigated through the 2025 decommission and trailhead relocation project.''

''Historic road building in the floodplain of the upper Kachess River probably had the largest impact on this population through alteration of spawning and rearing habitat. During the Kachess River Restoration Project, some of these old road beds were utilized for access, then returned to a "natural" condition. They have now been officially decommissioned, by USFS definition.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant (historical effects still significant)''

''Copper mining occurred in the headwaters of Kachess River and Mineral Creek in the early 1900s. The mine tailings were sluiced downstream into Mineral Creek and with decades of high-energy stream flow there has been an excessive amount of rough cobble material deposited into the floodplain down below (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). Deposition of gravels and cobbles has likely worsened dewatering conditions in the lower 1.5 miles of stream habitat.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Only six brook trout have been observed in the upper Kachess River over nine years of demographic surveys. Hybridization has not been documented here. Brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek and may be abundant in some of the reservoir tributaries, including Lodge Creek. The distribution in the watershed is not fully understood, but there are some surveys that help elucidate distribution (See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] for more details). When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys in the Upper Kachess River, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they are not yet abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There have been no reports of other invasive species in the upper Kachess River.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''A 2017 study in Kachess Reservoir found that feeding rates of bull trout are not limited by foraging opportunities and that the prey base in the reservoir could support larger populations of bull trout (Hansen et al. 2017''<ref name=":2">Hansen, A., Polacek, M., Connelly, K., & Gardner, J. (2017). ''Food web interactions in Kachess and Keechelus Reservoirs, Washington: Implications for threatened adfluvial bull trout and management of water storage'' [Final Report]. Washington State Department of Ecology. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Hansenetal2017-FinalReport-KachessKeechelusFoodWebStructure-Phase2-ContractVersion.pdf</nowiki></ref>''). The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess and should continue. These stocked kokanee probably make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production after the construction of Kachess Dam.''

''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017''<ref name=":2" />''), potentially resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022''<ref>Taylor, A. (2022). ''Spatio-Temporal Movement Patterns of Sub-adult Adfluvial Bull Trout'' [Central Washington University]. <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Spatio-temporal-Movement-Patterns-of-Sub-adult-Adfluvial-Bull-Tro.pdf</nowiki></ref>'').''

''The study did not look at prey base in the Upper Kachess River. Age 0 bull trout primarily feed on macroinvertebrates, then switch to piscivory between age 1 and 2. Density and concentration of prey items may be affected by dewatering and low flow conditions.''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No instances of disease have been reported.''

=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''

''The upper Kachess River goes completely dry almost every year in the late summer and early fall in the 1.5 miles above the reservoir. There may be short intermittent sections of flowing water, but for the most part the water in the river goes subsurface. These conditions are believed to result from the deposition of massive amounts of alluvial material, most likely tailings left from past copper mining activities, which washed down during flood events (Meyer 2002''<ref name=":0" />''). The river generally remains disconnected from its upstream reaches until fall rains reconnect it, typically sometime in October. Juvenile bull trout become stranded in isolated pools. Some are rescued and relocated to perennial flow, or given to the [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|Yakama Nation for captive rearing.]] It is notable that large numbers (~1000+) bull trout fry have been rescued from the dewatering section in the upper Kachess River over the past decade and that habitat restoration has been implemented to reduce the effects of seasonal dewatering.Those fish that evade rescue eventually desiccate or are predated upon.''

==== ***********************Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'':

==== Other changes in hydrology ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Instances of drought have increased over the past few decades and contribute to reduced snowpack, earlier peak run-off and extended periods of dry streambeds. Lack of summer and fall rains, combined with geomorphology, inhibit fish passage into the Upper Kachess River, potentially impacting reproductive success of adult bull trout.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''The upper Kachess River is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The remote nature of the creek makes access somewhat difficult, so fishing pressure is probably reduced.''

''Fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir, please see this threat on the [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat|Kachess Reservoir FMO]] page for more details.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The Kachess population of bull trout is one of the most highly studied in the Yakima River Basin. Research impacts on the population are unknown and unquantified. Annual redd surveys involve hiking in the stream. Bull trout are observed passively in snorkel surveys, actively rescued from dewatering, and handled for biological sampling of fin tissue and measurements. All captured bull trout >100 mm are PIT tagged. A study from 2019-2023 surgically inserted acoustic tags into wild-captured (only 1) and captive-reared bull trout. Bull Trout from the Kachess River population are being reared in captivity and released at a larger size. While the program has greatly increased success in survival, there was initially a high mortality rate of Kachess River bull trout in captivity. Another concern is the genetic implications of the fish rescue program.''

=== Other Threats ===
''Low population abundance, inbreeding''

''Climate Change''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers (dewatering and Kachess Dam) and low population abundance. Dewatering in the lower reaches of the spawning tributary also appears to be limiting the population ''through stranding of juvenile and YOY bull trout and access to the spawning grounds. This potentially natural effect is exacerbated by reservoir fluctuations, legacy logging and mining impacts, and climate change. These factors work to increase the seasonal period of dewatering and limit habitat. Restoration of the lower portion of the river should mitigate some of these effects.'' Other threats include angling in Kachess Reservoir, entrainment at Kachess Dam, lack of marine derived nutrients, ''potential expansion of'' brook trout, and the limited habitat due to the inundation of lower reaches of the upper Kachess River when the dam was completed and the reservoir filled. ''One threat we are starting to gain more information about is the potential of inbreeding and inbreeding depression due to small population size.''

While forest management and recreation issues are present, they are not considered a significant threat. Threats due to agriculture, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining are not present in this population area.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
The remaining high priority actions involve passage at the broad scale (Kachess Dam) and addressing low abundance via ''rescue-and-rear of stranded bull trout. Monitoring and adaptive management strategies for bull trout rescue need to be ongoing to reduce the potential of negative genetic effects to the population.'' ''The Kachess River Restoration Project (see [[Upper Kachess River Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] above) was initially discussed in 2016 and was implemented in 2023 to reduce the threat of dewatering and improve habitat. However, if bull trout rescue is an ongoing need, some bull trout could be kept as brood stock for artificial propagation.''

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Continuation of post-restoration project monitoring: habitat and fish demographics''

''Genetic monitoring''

''Ongoing temperature monitoring''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===
''Kachess Action #1:''

* ''Step 1 - Hydrogeomorphic evaluation in upper Kachess River (not Mineral Creek) to determine mechanisms and solutions for annual dewatering (completed prior to implementation).''
* ''Step 2 - Implementation of a habitat enhancement project (completed in 2023).''

''Kachess Action #2:''

* ''Step 1 - Mineral Creek Trailhead restoration (relocation of trailhead and restoration of old parking area was completed in 2025).''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within established index areas to monitor long-term trends in abundance.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct supplementation feasibility

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor any genetic samples for introgression with brook trout.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainments surveys at storage dams

==== Kachess River Actions ====
Kachess River Actions #3: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

''Kachess River Action #4: Monitor habitat conditions and fish response post-restoration project.''

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in'' ''October 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Kachess River/Box Canyon Creek small group. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References<ref name=":0" /> ==

File:Kachess River above Mineral mean August Temperature.png

2026-03-09T20:39:35Z

ATaylor:

A slight increase is seen over the years

File:Upper Kachess River Longitudinal MWMT 2020-2023.png

2026-03-09T20:31:14Z

ATaylor:

Longitudinal temperature trends show mineral creek as the warmest site, followed by the mainstem, kachess trail crossing, and then lower Kachess

Yakipedia Best Practices

2026-03-04T21:34:25Z

ATaylor: Created page with "=== Purpose of Yakipedia === Yakipedia is a collaborative knowledge platform used to document fish and wildlife recovery efforts in the Yakima River Basin. The goal is to capture institutional knowledge, summarize existing science, and provide a shared space for partners to understand the status of species, habitat, and recovery actions. Yakipedia differs from traditional reports or journal publications in that it is intended to function as a '''living document'''. Cont..."

=== Purpose of Yakipedia ===
Yakipedia is a collaborative knowledge platform used to document fish and wildlife recovery efforts in the Yakima River Basin. The goal is to capture institutional knowledge, summarize existing science, and provide a shared space for partners to understand the status of species, habitat, and recovery actions.

Yakipedia differs from traditional reports or journal publications in that it is intended to function as a '''living document'''. Content can be updated as new information becomes available, allowing the platform to remain current between major planning cycles.

Yakipedia pages are written and maintained by regional partners including state and federal agencies, tribes, nonprofits, and researchers.

=== What Yakipedia Is ===
Yakipedia serves several key purposes:

* Capture institutional knowledge that may otherwise be lost through staff turnover
* Summarize existing science and monitoring results in an accessible format
* Provide context for recovery planning decisions, including background work summarized for specific topics.
* Link users to source materials such as reports, datasets, and peer-reviewed literature
* Support discussion and collaboration among partners

Yakipedia allows contributors to add interpretation and synthesis of information, provided that statements are supported by references, clearly identified as expert communication, or agreed upon by working group members.

=== What Yakipedia Is Not ===
Yakipedia is not intended to function as a peer-reviewed scientific manuscript or regulatory document.

Key differences include:

* Content may summarize findings rather than present full methods and results
* Updates may occur incrementally rather than through formal publication cycles
* Some information may be based on professional expertise or communication among regional experts
* Sections may evolve as new monitoring data or research becomes available

Yakipedia pages are designed to '''direct readers to source materials''', not replace them.

== Citation Practices ==
Yakipedia encourages the use of citations whenever possible to support statements. Several types of references may be appropriate depending on the information being summarized.

=== Peer-Reviewed Literature ===
Peer-reviewed publications should be cited whenever they are available and relevant.

Example uses:

* ecological mechanisms
* species life history
* broader regional or theoretical context

=== Grey Literature ===
Grey literature is often the primary source of information for local monitoring and management.

Examples include:

* agency reports
* grant reports
* monitoring summaries or memos
* theses or dissertations
* technical memoranda

These documents frequently contain the most detailed information about Yakima Basin projects and should be cited when appropriate.

=== Data and Monitoring Results ===
Yakipedia may summarize information derived from monitoring datasets or project records.

When referencing datasets:

* identify the monitoring program or project
* describe the time period covered
* link to reports or repositories if available

Example:<blockquote>Snorkel surveys conducted by the Yakima Bull Trout Task Force between 2018–2024 indicate consistent juvenile bull trout presence in Box Canyon Creek (if no report, cite dataset if it is available).</blockquote>

=== Personal Communication ===
Personal communication citations may be used when information is based on '''professional expertise or unpublished observations'''.

Examples include:

* historical observations not documented elsewhere
* interpretation of monitoring results
* institutional knowledge from long-term staff

Example format:<blockquote>(J. Smith, USFWS, personal communication, 2023)</blockquote>Personal communication should '''not replace available written sources''', but it can be valuable for documenting knowledge that has not yet been formally published.

== Level of Detail ==
Yakipedia pages should provide enough information for readers to understand the context of a project or dataset, but should avoid reproducing entire reports.

General guidance:

* Appropriate:
** summaries of findings
** key results or trends
** brief descriptions of monitoring methods
** links to full reports

* Not appropriate:
** copying large sections of reports
** reproducing full methods sections
** including detailed results when a report already exists

The goal is to help readers '''quickly understand what is known and where to find additional information'''.

== Editing and Updates ==
Because Yakipedia is a living platform, pages may be updated or added as:

* new monitoring results become available
* new projects are completed
* partners contribute additional knowledge
* there is a need for documentation of certain discussions

Major changes to content related to recovery planning should be coordinated through the appropriate working group.

Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-02-24T18:16:53Z

ATaylor: /* Water Quality - Other */

== Overview ==
Box Canyon Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Kachess Reservoir from the northwest near its northern end. The reach accessible to migratory fish is about three miles downstream of the wilderness boundary and entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. This reach is relatively short with an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) located at its upstream end approximately 1.5 miles above the reservoir. No significant tributaries enter the creek in the accessible reach. Complete dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has been known to occur in late summer during dry years when streamflow is low and the reservoir level has dropped significantly due to irrigation demands. ''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to get fish past the dry section.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Box Canyon Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from Peekaboo Falls downstream to Kachess Reservoir. Juvenile rearing occurs in the entire 1.5-mile accessible reach. The lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish ('''FIGURE X - MAP'''). Adult bull trout ''typically'' move into Box Canyon Creek in mid-July to mid-August, prior to spawning, and some fish migrate to the large pool directly below Peekaboo Falls. ''In recent years, however, few adult bull trout have been seen in spot checks at Peekaboo Falls during July and August of 2022-2025 (see [[#Population Monitoring|population monitoring]] section below) (Scott Kline, personal communication). Summer demographic surveys showed only 6 adults in 2022 and 1 adult in 2023 staging in the system prior to spawning. Additionally, fewer adults have been seen staging in the pool below "big pool falls" during the first pass redd surveys (Aimee Taylor, BTTF, and Marc Divens, WDFW, personal communication).''
[[File:PeekabooFalls.jpg|alt=waterfall|thumb|Figure 1: Two BTTF staff (lower left) stand in front of Peekaboo Falls, the upstream passage barrier for bull trout on Box Canyon Creek.]]

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
''There is an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) at 47.37606, -121.2584672 about 1.5 miles upstream of the reservoir (Figure 1). There have been many discussions about the feasibility of introducing bull trout above Peekaboo Falls to increase spawning and rearing habitat. See [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion]] for more information.''

=== Population Genetics ===
''Early'' results of genetic analyses show''ed'' the Box Canyon Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey in 2001 (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Yakima River fluvial system was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912.

''From 2019-2021, the USFWS collected five adults of Box Canyon Creek genetic origin, four adults of Kachess River-origin, and two adults with mixed origin probabilities in Box Canyon Creek. An additional Box Canyon Creek origin fish was collected below Keechelus Dam in 2021. One of the Box Canyon Creek-origin fish collected in 2020 was recaptured at Peekaboo Falls in 2021. Two of the fish had mixed origin probabilities: one fish had a 0.90 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.10 probability of Kachess River origin while another had a 0.53 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.47 probability of Kachess River origin. These mixed probabilities suggest genetic introgression considering the absence of barriers between spawning populations and the relatively large number of Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek. An updated baseline assessment with contemporary genetic samples is needed as none have been collected since 2021.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first known documentation of bull trout inhabiting Kachess Reservoir came in 1941 from creel data collected by WDFW (then known as the Washington Department of Game) between 1937 and 1966. Interestingly, very few bull trout (referred to as Dolly Varden) entered the creel during that time period. In 1982, four bull trout were captured by the agency in gillnets set in the lake (Mongillo 1982), and that same year the species was observed, apparently for the first time, by snorkelers in Box Canyon Creek. As noted above, spawning surveys were initiated two years later, beginning the period of consistent monitoring of the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population that continues today. In 1994, Plum Creek Timber Company conducted night snorkel surveys, observing cutthroat and bull trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995).

The Forest Service conducted snorkel surveys in Box Canyon Creek in 1991 and 1993, observing relatively small numbers of bull trout. CWU researcher Paul James unsuccessfully attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout near the mouth of the creek in 1999; the next year he observed adults while snorkeling in the summer to determine spawn migration timing (James 2002a).

CWU graduate students Yuki Reiss and William Meyer both spent time snorkeling Box Canyon Creek. Reiss captured 31 juvenile bull trout and collected genetic samples in 2001 (Reiss 2003), and Meyer observed both juveniles and adults in 2000 and 2001, ultimately electing not to use these data in his thesis work (William Meyer, WDFW, pers comm).

A 2011 entrainment study found no bull trout directly below Kachess Dam see [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on that effort. ''The USFWS has attempted to collect entrained bull trout below Kachess and Keechelus dams since 2019 but has only collected a single Box Canyon Creek origin bull trout - a 720 mm fish collected at the base of Keechelus Dam (Haskell et al. 2022).''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 56% of the habitat below Peekaboo Falls and ranging between 40% and 100%. In the first 4 years, we found 67% to 100% of the bull trout fry (yoy) in the lower 0.6 miles of habitat. Fry were disproportionately distributed in the lower reaches of the stream even when the distribution of redds would suggest some should be found in the upper reaches. Also, Box Canyon has some of the lowest densities of fry relative to other similar studies on bull trout. The habitat survey showed that this lower reach habitat is higher gradient with less spawning habitat than the 1 mile of accessible habitat in the upper reach, and that the whole 1.6 miles is deficient in large woody material. This information lead to a hypothesis that'' ''Box Canyon has poor recruitment from fry to older age classes because high flows in this stream scour redds and force fry downstream to the reservoir where they do not survive, or if they do hold in this lower reach, have limited rearing habitat because they are blocked from using the upper reach by a juvenile barrier known as Big Pool Falls.''

''Following a large wood habitat project designed to create velocity refuge for fry and allow them to maintain position throughout the creek during high flows, WDFW continued demographic surveys from 2020 to 2023. WDFW found that the fry distribution shifted to the upper reaches of Box Canyon Creek, making them less susceptible to being flushed out of the creek at high flows and utilizing more of the habitat Box Canyon has to offer. It was also found that more juvenile fish were observed throughout Box Canyon Creek, suggesting juvenile fish also benefitted from the habitat project.''

''Sporadic checks of bull trout abundance were made by snorkeling the pool below Peekaboo Falls to help understand the timing of upstream migration and what opportunities that location might provide for a source of fish to reintroduce above Peekaboo Falls. Multiple checks of bull trout abundance there were completed in 2000 (W. Meyer), 2020 (USFWS,WDFW), 2021 (USFWS,WDFW), 2022 (WDFW,MCFEG), and 2023 (WDFW,MCFEG). While over a dozen have been observed at once in 2000 and 2004, no more than 7 bull trout have been observed there at one time in the 2020s.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (~0.2 km upstream from the mouth depending on pool level) and temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed to allow passage from the reservoir to the creek during periods of low flow. They also maintain antennas in the upper Kachess River (upstream of Kachess Reservoir) near the mouth and 1 km upstream of the reservoir. During low water years an additional temporary antenna is also maintained at Kachess Narrows. An antenna array is maintained directly downstream of Keechelus Dam that has detected bull trout from both Kachess River and Box Canyon Creek populations entrained at Kachess Dam (Beebe et al. 2025).'' ''A similar antenna is needed below Kachess Dam to better assess the magnitude of entrainment of Kachess populations at Kachess Dam.''

''PIT-tagged Box Canyon Creek fish come from two sources: 1) adult bull trout collected during trap and haul work that were entrained at Kachess Dam but collected below Keechelus Dam, and 2), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021. Sporadic attempts to collect and tag fish in Box Canyon Creek during other years have been unsuccessful. A relatively large number of Kachess River-origin fish have been detected at PIT-tag monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, but only seven Box Canyon Creek bull trout have been PIT tagged and therefore detections are limited primarily to Kachess River fish. Of the seven Box Canyon Creek origin fish PIT-tagged by USFWS in 2020 and 2021, three were last detected in lower Box Canyon Creek in 2022.''

''During 2023 and 2024, 25 bull trout were detected at PIT-tag sites in lower Box Canyon Creek, all of which were of Kachess River-origin. Two were detected July 10 and 18, while the rest were detected in October and November. No fish were detected in August and September when mean daily water temperature was about 15 °C. Seven were later detected in the Kachess River and two of the seven returned to Box Canyon Creek a second time.'' ''Kachess River fish may enter Box Canyon Creek as early as July with the Kachess River mouth inaccessible until it rewaters in the fall.. Six of the nine fish detected in the flume were later detected at the Box Canyon Creek antenna array indicating that some fish, though not in their natal stream, were successfully navigating the Box Canyon Creek mouth and entering the lower creek via the flume (Beebe et al. 2024, Beebe et al. 2025a, 2025b).''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Box Canyon Redd Graph Through 2025.png|thumb|Figure 2. Box Canyon Creek Redd Counts 1984 - 2025]]
The spawning period for the Box Canyon Creek population begins in early September and can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from just upstream of Kachess Reservoir to Peekaboo Falls. Redd counts have been highly variable ''(Figure 2)''. Over the first ten years of surveys, the counts were very low including three years when none were observed. This was probably due in large part to limited adult access to the creek as several years from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s were drought years in the Yakima Basin. The chronic passage problems that occur at the mouth were not yet fully recognized or monitored at that time. ''The first emergency fish passage flume was constructed on Box Canyon Creek in 2001, to allow passage from the reservoir during periods of low flow. Since that time, passage near the mouth is monitored regularly and a flume is constructed if it is deemed necessary for bull trout passage.'' Since 1996 the average number of bull trout redds found in Box Canyon Creek has been ''9'' (''this average includes several years where some survey passes were not possible due to high flows''). ''Redd surveyors attempt three passes in Box Canyon Creek, but high flows often thwart survey attempts late in the season.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''In 2017, as part of a broader eDNA project, Box Canyon Creek was used as a control location for a collection of seven samples (Parrish 2017). Three samples were collected below Peekaboo Falls, and analysis showed results as "positive" for bull trout presence. An additional four samples were collected upstream of Peekaboo Falls at one kilometer intervals, with results showing "negative" for bull trout. Despite several redd surveys in the 1980's and 1990's, extensive snorkel surveys in 2017, and the eDNA samples mentioned above, the only documentation of bull trout above Peekaboo Falls occurred during Plum Creek nighttime snorkel surveys in 1994 (Plum Creek 1995).''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998) considered the Kachess subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation included only the Box Canyon Creek local population, as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River nor was a local population recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004).

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on Box Canyon Creek range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to 2,540 feet at the barrier waterfall. This reach is entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest'', with the headwaters originating in Alpine Lakes Wilderness.'' The current primary land use in the watershed is recreation. Logging has occurred in the past and timber harvest is possible in the future. FS Road 4930 runs parallel and fairly close (<100 yards) to the spawning reach for about two-thirds of its length. In the past, a lengthy section of this road (~600 feet) was a chronic source of sediment in the creek but this section was relocated and stabilized in 2006. Road density in the watershed increases further upstream but these former logging roads are not particularly close to the creek and do not appear to be problematic in terms of sediment contribution. Areas along the riparian corridor of Box Canyon Creek were negatively impacted by past timber harvest; these areas have regrown for the most part. Riparian disturbance also resulted from the presence of numerous dispersed campsites. The Forest Service has re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated many of these areas, ''however, dispersed site usage has substantially increased since 2020, and more rehabilitation is needed. Campers at dispersed sites trample and/or cut riparian vegetation, and leave trash and human biological waste that likely washes into the creek.'' Kachess Campground, a large, highly developed campground is located near the mouth of Box Canyon Creek but is not believed to present significant habitat-related issues.

Overall, habitat conditions in Box Canyon Creek are generally considered good, although they do not meet Forest Plan standards in some areas (i.e., LWD and pool depth). Bed and bank stability are good, sediment levels are low, and water temperatures ''have historically been'' suitable for bull trout (Haring 2001). ''The segment of stream accessible to bull trout is relatively high gradient which produces powerful flow events. Due to the confined nature of the stream, there is very little floodplain habitat that acts as velocity refuge. This impacts juvenile rearing capacity, especially below Big Pool Falls and in the "box" section of the canyon.'' Gravels for spawning are adequate for the current population, ''and could probably support a higher abundance of spawners, particularly above Big Pool Falls (BPF).'' ''Below BPF, wood added to the system in 2019 has created more small pockets of gravel, but no substantial spawning beds.'' ''Big Pool Falls is a passage barrier at low flows. From 2015 to 2024, 45% of redds have been created above big pool falls. In the drought years between those years (2015, 19, 22, 23, 24) only 29% of redds were created above big pool falls. In non-drought years in that time period, 63% of redds were created above big pools falls. In 2019, a large wood supplementation project added hundreds of logs into Box Canyon creek (See [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below). Monitoring by WDFW has shown that most of the wood placed in the stream has remained and created additional stable wood jams beyond what was there before. There is more cobble, gravel, and sand in the creek, often associated with these jams (observed during sediment wedge surveys).''

''A major'' concern for this population is the dewatering, ''sheet flows, and shallow braided channels'' that occur in dry years directly upstream of the creek’s mouth. The time period this occurs coincides with the immigration of pre-spawn bull trout. With the reservoir level significantly lowered from irrigation water withdrawal, the mouth is located on the lakebed. Above this point the creek spreads out over unconsolidated sediments on the bed and can go dry up to several hundred yards upstream. These conditions ''have been'' observed in ''2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025'' and required implementation of remedial passage projects to allow pre-spawn bull trout to enter Box Canyon Creek '''(ADD DRONE PIC?)'''. ''In some other years, a flume was considered but ultimately not installed due to rain in the forecast.''
=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
''Prior to 2017,'' some level of monitoring was done before or during spawning surveys to determine if there was ''appropriate passage for'' pre-spawn adult bull trout to migrate upstream from the reservoir into Box Canyon Creek. Thomas (2007) summarized dates, flows, and reservoir elevations when Box Canyon Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of Box Canyon Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). Redd surveyors make note of potential fish passage barriers (like Big Pool Falls at low-flow) upstream of the reservoir inundation zone.''

Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Box Canyon Creek in 1990. The percent average fine sediment level was found to be 8.2% (Mayo 1998), which would qualify as “functioning appropriately” (USFWS 1999), although these data are from one year only. The Forest Service completed stream surveys on Box Canyon Creek in ''1989, 1995'', and 2002 (USFS 1989; 1995; 2002b) using Hankin and Reeves protocol (Hankin and Reeves 1988). In this survey, data were collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature. In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Box Canyon watershed, including an aquatic rating. Mongillo (1982) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Kachess Reservoir.

''WDFW completed a simplified Hankin and Reeves-style habitat survey in 2016 and 2017 from the mouth to just above the second road crossing (currently closed). See the [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion|Peekaboo Falls supplemental page]] for more details on the results of those surveys. The habitat was deficient in wood and pool density. Sediment wedges were measured throughout the creek below peekaboo falls in 2019 and 2021 to measure conditions before and after the large woody habitat project in 2019. The number of sediment wedges and total volume of sediment wedges increased significantly after the wood project. Detailed Wolman pebble counts were done throughout the creek below Peekaboo Falls in 2019, though no post-restoration counts have been completed. WDFW also completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-August 2016 and two days in mid-September 2016 throughout Box Canyon Creek up to Peekaboo Falls. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level. Though further analysis was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
There ''was'' a long-term monitoring site on Box Canyon Creek and temperature ''was'' recorded via a thermograph deployed during the summer low flow period for most years from 1994-2011 (USFS 2011b). ''USFWS, WDFW, and the Bull Trout Task Force reimplemented temperature monitoring starting in 2016. Monitoring sites include Peekaboo Falls (WDFW 2019-2021, BTTF 2024-2025), 5m falls above the first road crossing (2020-present) and down low near Kachess Campground (2016 - Present).''

''Mean daily water temperature as measured by the USFWS at the PIT antenna array in lower Box Canyon Creek ranges from 0 - 14.7 °C with a maximum of about 15 °C (Beebe et al. 2025). See [[#Current and modeled future temperature conditions|current and modeled future temperature conditions]] section below for graphs and more discussion.''
==== Restoration Actions ====
''In August of 2019, partners worked to install 411 large wood pieces with and without root wads in Box Canyon Creek in 22 locations to create 22 log jams. Eleven log jams were installed below Big Pool Falls and 11 log jams were installed upstream of Big Pool Falls, all downstream of Peekaboo Falls. Remaining wood was placed in the pool of Peek a Boo Falls to help raise water surface elevations to allow for greater potential for fish passage. The goal of this project was to create more high flow refugia for YOY and juvenile bull trout within Box Canyon Creek to allow them to hold instream and avoid being flushed into the reservoir. In the fall of 2019, post implementation, a high flow even mobilized all pieces of wood, creating a smaller number of total log jams that were larger in size. Wood movement was anticipated and not considered undesirable. Ten-fifteen pieces were lost to the reservoir, but all remaining wood stayed in the channel and floodplain, which continues to provide benefits. Total cost for the project was approximately $475K and it took two years for planning and fundraising prior to implementation in 2019.''

''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to'' ''concentrate flows through the dry section near the mouth.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Under low flow conditions, the Box Canyon Creek mouth braids and becomes impassable. Big Pool Falls (about halfway up the accessible habitat) occasionally becomes impassable during low water (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). Passage is limited again 1.5 miles upstream, at Peekaboo Falls, further reducing the available spawning and rearing habitat. WDFW monitors fish passage at the mouth, and constructs a temporary flume when it is deemed necessary (2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, 2025). [[#Habitat Overview | See Habitat Overview]] above for more details.''

''Kachess dam was constructed in 1912 and is a complete passage barrier to upstream migration of bull trout from entrained Kachess Reservoir populations and other populations attempting to access it (e.g., Gold Creek). The Box Canyon Creek bull trout population has been isolated for over 100 years from Gold Creek and other populations downstream of the lower Kachess river and Keechelus Arm.''

''See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on passage issues at the Kachess Narrows.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''The threat of entrainment to Box Canyon Creek fish is likely significant but unknown due to the few tagged fish and the absence of a PIT antenna below Kachess Dam as exists below Keechelus and Clear Creek dams. The mechanism of entrainment is apparently through the outlet works as the spillway gates have not been operated since the early 2000’s (Haskell et al. 2022).Trap and haul downstream of Kachess and Keechelus dams began in 2019. Since that time only one Box Canyon Creek-origin fish has been collected - a 720 mm fish collected below Keechelus Dam. Although the timing of entrainment is unknown, it apparently migrated down to at least Easton Reservoir before returning up the Keechelus Arm to the base of Keechelus Dam where it was collected, transported back to Kachess Reservoir, and released at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek. The fish was PIT tagged and implanted with an acoustic tag for monitoring in Kachess Reservoir and tributaries (Haskell et al. 2022).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''The Box Canyon Creek mouth experiences dewatering during low water years. Shallow, braided channels cut through the reservoir bed which has no vegetation and limited bank stability owing to reservoir fluctuations. The creek carves different pathways each year, resulting in shallow, heavily braided channels that limit fish passage.'' USBR (2008) wrote an appraisal report on potential options for constructing permanent passage and ''USBR has been working on a river delta research project to model different conditions and potential restoration options. Reclamation completed a Hydraulic Modeling Assessment Report and a 60% design package in 2021 describing several features to stabilize the existing stream route (Byrne et al. 2021). Since the KDRPP project is on hold, discussion of Box Canyon restoration has decreased and a project is unlikely to occur. Cultural resource concerns are another reason the project has stalled.''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''In contrast with the Upper Kachess River, logging did not have major impacts on Box Canyon Creek. The part of the creek accessible to bull trout is too steep and confined for clear cutting. Much of the harvest that occurred was in the uplands of the watershed, but some logging occurred near the creek (USFS 2002). The 1996 Box Canyon Watershed Analysis (Cle Elum RD, 1996) reports that 11% of the drainage was altered by timber harvest. The entire watershed is now protected wilderness or USFS land.''

''A greater concern is forest management. There are large stands of timber and significant undergrowth which could result in a high-severity wildfire if fuels are left unmanaged. Forest fires and the resulting sedimentation are a threat to the Box Canyon Creek population.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing near Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek runs through Kachess Campground and the lake bed near the campground. WDFW and BTTF occasionally dissemble rock dams adjacent to the campground, and informational signage has reduced their frequency. Heavy recreation also occurs above Peekaboo Falls and even though bull trout do not have access to those reaches, there may be downstream impacts from the large presence of humans recreating directly next to the stream. Human waste is regularly observed near the stream during redd and habitat surveys. Some harassment may occur as people swim, kayak and boat in or near Box Canyon Creek during summer. Adult bull trout are also subject to harassment at Peekaboo Falls, also known as the "dynamite hole" because of historical attempts to remove bull trout using dynamite. Occasional fishing gear and trash are found near Peekaboo Falls.''

''There has been an overall increase in recreation in this area, particularly since 2020. Kachess residents have noted a decreased responsibility or knowledge in regards to respect for natural resources (John Reeves, personal communication).'' ''The overall impacts of recreation to Box Canyon Creek bull trout are unquantified, but should be better understood in order to guide restoration project proposals.''

''Education and outreach conducted by BTTF near Kachess Campground is ongoing to reduce harassment, illegal fishing, trash, and rock dam construction. However, more emphasis could be placed on the dispersed camping areas upstream of the campground. A report by the Cle Elum Ranger District details specific restoration actions that could occur in Box Canyon, Gale, and Mineral creeks and the Kachess River (Matthews 2016).''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''A USFS road adjacent to Box Canyon Creek could contribute sediment. The road was a problem until 2006, when a portion of it was relocated upslope and stabilized. A five mile section of road along the west shore of Kachess Reservoir allows access to housing and the campground. The road, residential housing, and campground probably don't impact bull trout negatively. Residents report increased illegal road construction and OHV use.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''There is no record of mining in the Box Canyon Creek watershed.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, insignificant''

''Although brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek, the overall distribution is unknown and hybridization with bull trout has not been documented. They are present in Lodge Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). WDFW surveyed Gale and Thetis creeks in 2010 and 2014 and did not find brook trout.'' ''Seven brook trout have been observed during three of the eight years of demographic surveys in Box Canyon Creek .'' ''When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they do not appear to be abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.'' ''Brook trout have not been observed in Box Canyon creek above the partial barrier, Big Pool Falls.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No other invasive species have been observed in Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, Insignificant''

''The prey base in Box Canyon Creek has not been well-studied. However, a fish health study in Box Canyon Creek which primarily looked at disease in cutthroat trout also noted that the fish sampled had "greater than 50% of their pyloric caeca covered in fat deposits and good amounts of body fat" (Kline 2021). This might indicate that cutthroat trout are finding sufficient prey.''

''Hanson et al. (2017) found that bull trout feeding rates are not prey limited, suggesting that Kachess Reservoir could support a larger population of bull trout. The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess'' ''Reservoir and should continue. These stocked kokanee could make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production post- Kachess Dam construction.'' ''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017), resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''Although disease assessments have not been conducted for bull trout, they have been for cutthroat trout.'' ''WDFW and USFWS conducted a cutthroat trout health assessment at Box Canyon Creek where 24 fish were captured below Peekaboo Falls and 30 were captured above the falls (Kline 2021). All fish sampled above and below the falls were negative for six viruses, but about half of the fish tested positive for Bacterial Kidney Disease'' ''(BKD).'' ''BKD is a disease common in wild trout and char, with up to 100% prevalence in some populations (Meyers et al. 2019). BKD can result in slow chronic fish mortality. The level of mortality due to this disease is unknown for Box Canyon Creek bull trout. Additionally,'' ''Hexamida parasite was found in the hindgut of 2/7 cutthroat from below the falls. None of the fish appeared to have reduced body condition or fat deposits due to disease or parasites (Kline 2021).''
=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''
[[File:Box MWMT by Site Year 20251223 v4.png|thumb|Figure 3: Summer water temperatures over time at three monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, 5m Falls (upstream), Peekaboo Falls (middle) and Mouth (downstream). Points show the warmest average temperatures recorded during the summer each year, with lines illustrating year-to-year trends. Variations reflect differences in weather, stream conditions, and water availability that year.]]
''Low flows in the summer could result in elevated water temperatures (Figure 3), and limit fish passage. Dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has occurred in several years over the past two decades. See [[#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish passage barriers]] threat section above for details.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The mean August water temperature modelled by NorWest for "current day" (1993-2011) was 14-16°C in the reach accessible to bull trout (Isaak et al. 2017). Newer observations of mean August temperatures in the same reach are range between 12-15°C., as seen in the [[#Stream Temperature Data |Temperature Monitoring]] section above. Modeled future conditions for 2040 and 2080 show the reach accessible to bull trout in Box Canyon Creek maintaining the 14-16° range, with the exception of the ~500m closest to the reservoir showing predicted temperatures in the 16-18° range (Isaak et al. 2017).''
[[File:Box Detections 2024.png|thumb|Figure 4: Box Canyon Creek PIT antenna operation and bull trout detections in 2024.]]
''The mouth of Box Canyon Creek may act as a thermal barrier for adults entering the tributary to spawn, especially as temperatures rise in the future. A PIT antenna array at the mouth showed few bull trout detections during peak temperatures between mid-July and late-September (Figures 3, 4, Beebe et al. 2024).''

''Juvenile bull trout exposed to water temperature of 12°C for three weeks experience metabolic stress (Best et al. 2025). Mortality of juvenile bull trout spending ~three weeks at 18°C was 20%, whereas it was 2.9% at 15°C. In Box Canyon Creek, future water temperatures will range from 14-16° range , and therefore, bull trout, while unlikely to face direct mortality, may become thermally stressed.''

==== Changes in hydrology ====
''General climate change impacts include reduced snowpack in the Cascade Mountain Range, increased frequency of drought, and an earlier peak run-off period, which will likely culminate in low flows and reduced water quality at Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Water Quality - Other ====
''See above under [[#Recreation|recreation threats]]. There have been observations of human waste and chemicals used for car maintenance close to the creek. The threat severity is unknown. A water quality study would help answer this question.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek, including the portion flowing through the reservoir bed, is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The Bull Trout Task Force prioritizes angler education at Kachess Campground and has never encountered someone with a bull trout. Campers are reminded that the portion of the creek flowing through the lake bed is closed to fishing. On occasion, fishing tackle and trash are found at the base of Peekaboo Falls. "Closed waters" signs are posted and maintained at access points along the creek. Peekaboo Falls is also known by long-time locals as the "dynamite hole" referring to historical attempts to remove bull trout before restrictions were in place . Dynamite was also used at "Bomber Falls" a a 1/4 mile upstream of Peekaboo Falls (Larry Brown, former district biologist, personal communication).''

''Kokanee fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir. A 2022 creel survey at Kachess Reservoir indicated no harvested bull trout during summer (Divens 2026). However, 3 bull trout were caught and released, which equated to an estimated 28 in total. Additionally, 11 unidentified fish were caught and released. It is likely that some portion of the bull trout caught and released by anglers succumbed to hooking mortality. Low reservoir population numbers may limit the number of bull trout encountered by anglers. Angler education on bull trout identification and angling regulations seems to help reduce the number of bull trout lost to recreational angling (Divens 2026). Some impact of fishing/poaching is likely.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Although there has been some research on individuals from the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population, negative impacts to the population are considered minor. Several bull trout were captured near the mouth of the creek and at Peekaboo Falls from 2019-2021 and were surgically implanted with tags for a USFWS acoustic telemetry study. Passive demographic surveys (snorkel) and redd surveys have also been conducted.''

''Some questions are yet to be answered about the implications (genetic and demographic) of the rescue-rear-release program being implemented with Upper Kachess River bull trout. See [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|bull trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] page for more details.''

==== Other Threats ====
''Small population size''

''Loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression''

''Climate Change''

''Limited extent of habitat''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
''The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers in Box Canyon Creek (mouth, Peekaboo, and Big Pool falls) and the reservoir (Kachess Narrows and Kachess Dam). Other potential threats include high water temperatures near the mouth, illegal angling, catch and release mortality, limited habitat due to inundation of lower reaches of Box Canyon Creek, lack of marine derived nutrients, recreation (large campsite at mouth of spawning reach and extensive dispersed recreation), and the potential expansion of brook trout, especially with increasing temperatures from climate change. The threat of inbreeding depression due to small population size is probably also a threat to this population.''

Agriculture, altered flows, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining threats are not present for this population.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority ''actions'' involve ''restoring connectivity'' at the broad scale (at Kachess Dam) and at the local scale through monitoring and ensuring passage at the creek’s mouth ''and through the Kachess Narrows. Passage at Kachess Dam would improve genetic and demographic connectivity.'' Other actions that are identified as a priority are outreach to anglers and recreationists, riparian restoration ''or decommissioning of'' ''dispersed campsites'', and evaluating the feasibility of passage at Peekaboo Falls to provide additional spawning and rearing habitat. Available habitat was reduced when the reservoir was constructed and lower reaches were inundated. I''f passage at Peekaboo Falls is implemented, the threats of harassment, capture via angling, and habitat degradation above the falls would need to be mitigated by changing and enforcing USFS and WDFW regulations.'' ''Box Canyon Creek is a good candidate for additional water quality monitoring and evaluation of the need for nutrient addition.'' A pilot project that would place carcass analogs to address the lack of marine derived nutrients could be beneficial. Salmon have been excluded from this system for ~100 years, there is suitable access for delivering carcasses, and the stream is short enough to allow for extensive data monitoring. ''Pro-active solutions to prevent the spread of brook trout should be considered for Kachess Reservoir'' ([[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat |See Kachess FMO Recovery Strategy]]).

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Water temperature trends near the mouth''

''Nutrient levels and evaluation of the need for enhancement''

''Another habitat survey to evaluate long term effects of wood additions''

''Understand the effect of past wood additions on juvenile residence time and survival and assess the need for additional wood placement..''

''Updated genetic baseline and increased effort to collect and PIT tag Box Canyon Creek fish''

''Assess the extent of fisheries impacts, unintentional and illegal harvest. Increase enforcement''

''PIT tag antenna below Kachess Dam to better assess entrainment''

''Evaluation of water quality and habitat impacts from recreational use (i.e. human waste, sedimentation, share reduction). Determine if impacts are directly decreasing recovery by examining temperature and turbidity trends.''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* Campsite next to Peekaboo Falls was closed to overnight camping by USFS in 2002.
* Approximately 15 dispersed campsites along the creek were either re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated to protect sensitive riparian areas by USFS in 1996. There was some ongoing maintenance at the sites, but none recently. I''n recent years there have been dispersed campsites becoming established again after public has removed or breached boulder barriers. Additionally, while vehicle exclusion might be successful in some of these areas, walk-in sites are appearing behind some of the barriers.''
* With no flow at the mouth on August 23, 1996, USBR made temporary channel modifications to provide passage.
* A 623-foot segment of Box Canyon Road USFS Road 4930, which parallels the creek and was a chronic source of sediment, was relocated upslope and stabilized by USFS in 2006.
* Construction of a temporary straw bale and plastic flume near the confluence of Box Canyon Creek and Kachess Reservoir was required ''in several years between 2001-2025'' to provide upstream bull trout passage. ''This is detailed in the narrative above.''

* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Box Canyon Creek (see Appendix F).
* ''The Bull Trout Task Force provides outreach and education to recreationists and anglers in the area, primarily at Kachess Campground. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the species.''
* ''In 2019, Kittitas Conservation Trust added large wood to the creek to improve bull trout habitat [[#Restoration Actions | See Restoration Actions]] above.''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within the established index areas to monitor long-term abundance trends.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring throughout the Box Canyon Creek drainage including above Peekaboo Falls.

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct assessment and pilot study on feasibility of carcass analogs to enhance prey base for juveniles.

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor for brook trout introgression when collecting genetic samples.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams.

==== Box Canyon Creek Actions ====
Box Canyon Action #1: Monitor/Fix Passage Problems in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #2: Passage over natural barriers in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #3: Carcass Analog Assessment / Pilot Project

Box Canyon Action #4: USFS Road and Recreation Area Management

Box Canyon Action #5: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

Box Canyon Action #6: Fishing Regulation Enforcement

Box Canyon Action #7: Box Canyon Creek Habitat Projects

Box Canyon Action #8: Monitoring in Box Canyon Creek

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in November 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Box Canyon Creek small group in December 2025. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in February 2026.''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-02-24T17:59:49Z

ATaylor: /* Water Quality - Other */

== Overview ==
Box Canyon Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Kachess Reservoir from the northwest near its northern end. The reach accessible to migratory fish is about three miles downstream of the wilderness boundary and entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. This reach is relatively short with an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) located at its upstream end approximately 1.5 miles above the reservoir. No significant tributaries enter the creek in the accessible reach. Complete dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has been known to occur in late summer during dry years when streamflow is low and the reservoir level has dropped significantly due to irrigation demands. ''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to get fish past the dry section.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Box Canyon Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from Peekaboo Falls downstream to Kachess Reservoir. Juvenile rearing occurs in the entire 1.5-mile accessible reach. The lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish ('''FIGURE X - MAP'''). Adult bull trout ''typically'' move into Box Canyon Creek in mid-July to mid-August, prior to spawning, and some fish migrate to the large pool directly below Peekaboo Falls. ''In recent years, however, few adult bull trout have been seen in spot checks at Peekaboo Falls during July and August of 2022-2025 (see [[#Population Monitoring|population monitoring]] section below) (Scott Kline, personal communication). Summer demographic surveys showed only 6 adults in 2022 and 1 adult in 2023 staging in the system prior to spawning. Additionally, fewer adults have been seen staging in the pool below "big pool falls" during the first pass redd surveys (Aimee Taylor, BTTF, and Marc Divens, WDFW, personal communication).''
[[File:PeekabooFalls.jpg|alt=waterfall|thumb|Figure 1: Two BTTF staff (lower left) stand in front of Peekaboo Falls, the upstream passage barrier for bull trout on Box Canyon Creek.]]

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
''There is an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) at 47.37606, -121.2584672 about 1.5 miles upstream of the reservoir (Figure 1). There have been many discussions about the feasibility of introducing bull trout above Peekaboo Falls to increase spawning and rearing habitat. See [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion]] for more information.''

=== Population Genetics ===
''Early'' results of genetic analyses show''ed'' the Box Canyon Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey in 2001 (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Yakima River fluvial system was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912.

''From 2019-2021, the USFWS collected five adults of Box Canyon Creek genetic origin, four adults of Kachess River-origin, and two adults with mixed origin probabilities in Box Canyon Creek. An additional Box Canyon Creek origin fish was collected below Keechelus Dam in 2021. One of the Box Canyon Creek-origin fish collected in 2020 was recaptured at Peekaboo Falls in 2021. Two of the fish had mixed origin probabilities: one fish had a 0.90 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.10 probability of Kachess River origin while another had a 0.53 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.47 probability of Kachess River origin. These mixed probabilities suggest genetic introgression considering the absence of barriers between spawning populations and the relatively large number of Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek. An updated baseline assessment with contemporary genetic samples is needed as none have been collected since 2021.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first known documentation of bull trout inhabiting Kachess Reservoir came in 1941 from creel data collected by WDFW (then known as the Washington Department of Game) between 1937 and 1966. Interestingly, very few bull trout (referred to as Dolly Varden) entered the creel during that time period. In 1982, four bull trout were captured by the agency in gillnets set in the lake (Mongillo 1982), and that same year the species was observed, apparently for the first time, by snorkelers in Box Canyon Creek. As noted above, spawning surveys were initiated two years later, beginning the period of consistent monitoring of the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population that continues today. In 1994, Plum Creek Timber Company conducted night snorkel surveys, observing cutthroat and bull trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995).

The Forest Service conducted snorkel surveys in Box Canyon Creek in 1991 and 1993, observing relatively small numbers of bull trout. CWU researcher Paul James unsuccessfully attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout near the mouth of the creek in 1999; the next year he observed adults while snorkeling in the summer to determine spawn migration timing (James 2002a).

CWU graduate students Yuki Reiss and William Meyer both spent time snorkeling Box Canyon Creek. Reiss captured 31 juvenile bull trout and collected genetic samples in 2001 (Reiss 2003), and Meyer observed both juveniles and adults in 2000 and 2001, ultimately electing not to use these data in his thesis work (William Meyer, WDFW, pers comm).

A 2011 entrainment study found no bull trout directly below Kachess Dam see [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on that effort. ''The USFWS has attempted to collect entrained bull trout below Kachess and Keechelus dams since 2019 but has only collected a single Box Canyon Creek origin bull trout - a 720 mm fish collected at the base of Keechelus Dam (Haskell et al. 2022).''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 56% of the habitat below Peekaboo Falls and ranging between 40% and 100%. In the first 4 years, we found 67% to 100% of the bull trout fry (yoy) in the lower 0.6 miles of habitat. Fry were disproportionately distributed in the lower reaches of the stream even when the distribution of redds would suggest some should be found in the upper reaches. Also, Box Canyon has some of the lowest densities of fry relative to other similar studies on bull trout. The habitat survey showed that this lower reach habitat is higher gradient with less spawning habitat than the 1 mile of accessible habitat in the upper reach, and that the whole 1.6 miles is deficient in large woody material. This information lead to a hypothesis that'' ''Box Canyon has poor recruitment from fry to older age classes because high flows in this stream scour redds and force fry downstream to the reservoir where they do not survive, or if they do hold in this lower reach, have limited rearing habitat because they are blocked from using the upper reach by a juvenile barrier known as Big Pool Falls.''

''Following a large wood habitat project designed to create velocity refuge for fry and allow them to maintain position throughout the creek during high flows, WDFW continued demographic surveys from 2020 to 2023. WDFW found that the fry distribution shifted to the upper reaches of Box Canyon Creek, making them less susceptible to being flushed out of the creek at high flows and utilizing more of the habitat Box Canyon has to offer. It was also found that more juvenile fish were observed throughout Box Canyon Creek, suggesting juvenile fish also benefitted from the habitat project.''

''Sporadic checks of bull trout abundance were made by snorkeling the pool below Peekaboo Falls to help understand the timing of upstream migration and what opportunities that location might provide for a source of fish to reintroduce above Peekaboo Falls. Multiple checks of bull trout abundance there were completed in 2000 (W. Meyer), 2020 (USFWS,WDFW), 2021 (USFWS,WDFW), 2022 (WDFW,MCFEG), and 2023 (WDFW,MCFEG). While over a dozen have been observed at once in 2000 and 2004, no more than 7 bull trout have been observed there at one time in the 2020s.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (~0.2 km upstream from the mouth depending on pool level) and temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed to allow passage from the reservoir to the creek during periods of low flow. They also maintain antennas in the upper Kachess River (upstream of Kachess Reservoir) near the mouth and 1 km upstream of the reservoir. During low water years an additional temporary antenna is also maintained at Kachess Narrows. An antenna array is maintained directly downstream of Keechelus Dam that has detected bull trout from both Kachess River and Box Canyon Creek populations entrained at Kachess Dam (Beebe et al. 2025).'' ''A similar antenna is needed below Kachess Dam to better assess the magnitude of entrainment of Kachess populations at Kachess Dam.''

''PIT-tagged Box Canyon Creek fish come from two sources: 1) adult bull trout collected during trap and haul work that were entrained at Kachess Dam but collected below Keechelus Dam, and 2), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021. Sporadic attempts to collect and tag fish in Box Canyon Creek during other years have been unsuccessful. A relatively large number of Kachess River-origin fish have been detected at PIT-tag monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, but only seven Box Canyon Creek bull trout have been PIT tagged and therefore detections are limited primarily to Kachess River fish. Of the seven Box Canyon Creek origin fish PIT-tagged by USFWS in 2020 and 2021, three were last detected in lower Box Canyon Creek in 2022.''

''During 2023 and 2024, 25 bull trout were detected at PIT-tag sites in lower Box Canyon Creek, all of which were of Kachess River-origin. Two were detected July 10 and 18, while the rest were detected in October and November. No fish were detected in August and September when mean daily water temperature was about 15 °C. Seven were later detected in the Kachess River and two of the seven returned to Box Canyon Creek a second time.'' ''Kachess River fish may enter Box Canyon Creek as early as July with the Kachess River mouth inaccessible until it rewaters in the fall.. Six of the nine fish detected in the flume were later detected at the Box Canyon Creek antenna array indicating that some fish, though not in their natal stream, were successfully navigating the Box Canyon Creek mouth and entering the lower creek via the flume (Beebe et al. 2024, Beebe et al. 2025a, 2025b).''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Box Canyon Redd Graph Through 2025.png|thumb|Figure 2. Box Canyon Creek Redd Counts 1984 - 2025]]
The spawning period for the Box Canyon Creek population begins in early September and can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from just upstream of Kachess Reservoir to Peekaboo Falls. Redd counts have been highly variable ''(Figure 2)''. Over the first ten years of surveys, the counts were very low including three years when none were observed. This was probably due in large part to limited adult access to the creek as several years from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s were drought years in the Yakima Basin. The chronic passage problems that occur at the mouth were not yet fully recognized or monitored at that time. ''The first emergency fish passage flume was constructed on Box Canyon Creek in 2001, to allow passage from the reservoir during periods of low flow. Since that time, passage near the mouth is monitored regularly and a flume is constructed if it is deemed necessary for bull trout passage.'' Since 1996 the average number of bull trout redds found in Box Canyon Creek has been ''9'' (''this average includes several years where some survey passes were not possible due to high flows''). ''Redd surveyors attempt three passes in Box Canyon Creek, but high flows often thwart survey attempts late in the season.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''In 2017, as part of a broader eDNA project, Box Canyon Creek was used as a control location for a collection of seven samples (Parrish 2017). Three samples were collected below Peekaboo Falls, and analysis showed results as "positive" for bull trout presence. An additional four samples were collected upstream of Peekaboo Falls at one kilometer intervals, with results showing "negative" for bull trout. Despite several redd surveys in the 1980's and 1990's, extensive snorkel surveys in 2017, and the eDNA samples mentioned above, the only documentation of bull trout above Peekaboo Falls occurred during Plum Creek nighttime snorkel surveys in 1994 (Plum Creek 1995).''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998) considered the Kachess subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation included only the Box Canyon Creek local population, as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River nor was a local population recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004).

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on Box Canyon Creek range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to 2,540 feet at the barrier waterfall. This reach is entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest'', with the headwaters originating in Alpine Lakes Wilderness.'' The current primary land use in the watershed is recreation. Logging has occurred in the past and timber harvest is possible in the future. FS Road 4930 runs parallel and fairly close (<100 yards) to the spawning reach for about two-thirds of its length. In the past, a lengthy section of this road (~600 feet) was a chronic source of sediment in the creek but this section was relocated and stabilized in 2006. Road density in the watershed increases further upstream but these former logging roads are not particularly close to the creek and do not appear to be problematic in terms of sediment contribution. Areas along the riparian corridor of Box Canyon Creek were negatively impacted by past timber harvest; these areas have regrown for the most part. Riparian disturbance also resulted from the presence of numerous dispersed campsites. The Forest Service has re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated many of these areas, ''however, dispersed site usage has substantially increased since 2020, and more rehabilitation is needed. Campers at dispersed sites trample and/or cut riparian vegetation, and leave trash and human biological waste that likely washes into the creek.'' Kachess Campground, a large, highly developed campground is located near the mouth of Box Canyon Creek but is not believed to present significant habitat-related issues.

Overall, habitat conditions in Box Canyon Creek are generally considered good, although they do not meet Forest Plan standards in some areas (i.e., LWD and pool depth). Bed and bank stability are good, sediment levels are low, and water temperatures ''have historically been'' suitable for bull trout (Haring 2001). ''The segment of stream accessible to bull trout is relatively high gradient which produces powerful flow events. Due to the confined nature of the stream, there is very little floodplain habitat that acts as velocity refuge. This impacts juvenile rearing capacity, especially below Big Pool Falls and in the "box" section of the canyon.'' Gravels for spawning are adequate for the current population, ''and could probably support a higher abundance of spawners, particularly above Big Pool Falls (BPF).'' ''Below BPF, wood added to the system in 2019 has created more small pockets of gravel, but no substantial spawning beds.'' ''Big Pool Falls is a passage barrier at low flows. From 2015 to 2024, 45% of redds have been created above big pool falls. In the drought years between those years (2015, 19, 22, 23, 24) only 29% of redds were created above big pool falls. In non-drought years in that time period, 63% of redds were created above big pools falls. In 2019, a large wood supplementation project added hundreds of logs into Box Canyon creek (See [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below). Monitoring by WDFW has shown that most of the wood placed in the stream has remained and created additional stable wood jams beyond what was there before. There is more cobble, gravel, and sand in the creek, often associated with these jams (observed during sediment wedge surveys).''

''A major'' concern for this population is the dewatering, ''sheet flows, and shallow braided channels'' that occur in dry years directly upstream of the creek’s mouth. The time period this occurs coincides with the immigration of pre-spawn bull trout. With the reservoir level significantly lowered from irrigation water withdrawal, the mouth is located on the lakebed. Above this point the creek spreads out over unconsolidated sediments on the bed and can go dry up to several hundred yards upstream. These conditions ''have been'' observed in ''2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025'' and required implementation of remedial passage projects to allow pre-spawn bull trout to enter Box Canyon Creek '''(ADD DRONE PIC?)'''. ''In some other years, a flume was considered but ultimately not installed due to rain in the forecast.''
=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
''Prior to 2017,'' some level of monitoring was done before or during spawning surveys to determine if there was ''appropriate passage for'' pre-spawn adult bull trout to migrate upstream from the reservoir into Box Canyon Creek. Thomas (2007) summarized dates, flows, and reservoir elevations when Box Canyon Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of Box Canyon Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). Redd surveyors make note of potential fish passage barriers (like Big Pool Falls at low-flow) upstream of the reservoir inundation zone.''

Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Box Canyon Creek in 1990. The percent average fine sediment level was found to be 8.2% (Mayo 1998), which would qualify as “functioning appropriately” (USFWS 1999), although these data are from one year only. The Forest Service completed stream surveys on Box Canyon Creek in ''1989, 1995'', and 2002 (USFS 1989; 1995; 2002b) using Hankin and Reeves protocol (Hankin and Reeves 1988). In this survey, data were collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature. In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Box Canyon watershed, including an aquatic rating. Mongillo (1982) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Kachess Reservoir.

''WDFW completed a simplified Hankin and Reeves-style habitat survey in 2016 and 2017 from the mouth to just above the second road crossing (currently closed). See the [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion|Peekaboo Falls supplemental page]] for more details on the results of those surveys. The habitat was deficient in wood and pool density. Sediment wedges were measured throughout the creek below peekaboo falls in 2019 and 2021 to measure conditions before and after the large woody habitat project in 2019. The number of sediment wedges and total volume of sediment wedges increased significantly after the wood project. Detailed Wolman pebble counts were done throughout the creek below Peekaboo Falls in 2019, though no post-restoration counts have been completed. WDFW also completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-August 2016 and two days in mid-September 2016 throughout Box Canyon Creek up to Peekaboo Falls. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level. Though further analysis was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
There ''was'' a long-term monitoring site on Box Canyon Creek and temperature ''was'' recorded via a thermograph deployed during the summer low flow period for most years from 1994-2011 (USFS 2011b). ''USFWS, WDFW, and the Bull Trout Task Force reimplemented temperature monitoring starting in 2016. Monitoring sites include Peekaboo Falls (WDFW 2019-2021, BTTF 2024-2025), 5m falls above the first road crossing (2020-present) and down low near Kachess Campground (2016 - Present).''

''Mean daily water temperature as measured by the USFWS at the PIT antenna array in lower Box Canyon Creek ranges from 0 - 14.7 °C with a maximum of about 15 °C (Beebe et al. 2025). See [[#Current and modeled future temperature conditions|current and modeled future temperature conditions]] section below for graphs and more discussion.''
==== Restoration Actions ====
''In August of 2019, partners worked to install 411 large wood pieces with and without root wads in Box Canyon Creek in 22 locations to create 22 log jams. Eleven log jams were installed below Big Pool Falls and 11 log jams were installed upstream of Big Pool Falls, all downstream of Peekaboo Falls. Remaining wood was placed in the pool of Peek a Boo Falls to help raise water surface elevations to allow for greater potential for fish passage. The goal of this project was to create more high flow refugia for YOY and juvenile bull trout within Box Canyon Creek to allow them to hold instream and avoid being flushed into the reservoir. In the fall of 2019, post implementation, a high flow even mobilized all pieces of wood, creating a smaller number of total log jams that were larger in size. Wood movement was anticipated and not considered undesirable. Ten-fifteen pieces were lost to the reservoir, but all remaining wood stayed in the channel and floodplain, which continues to provide benefits. Total cost for the project was approximately $475K and it took two years for planning and fundraising prior to implementation in 2019.''

''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to'' ''concentrate flows through the dry section near the mouth.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Under low flow conditions, the Box Canyon Creek mouth braids and becomes impassable. Big Pool Falls (about halfway up the accessible habitat) occasionally becomes impassable during low water (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). Passage is limited again 1.5 miles upstream, at Peekaboo Falls, further reducing the available spawning and rearing habitat. WDFW monitors fish passage at the mouth, and constructs a temporary flume when it is deemed necessary (2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, 2025). [[#Habitat Overview | See Habitat Overview]] above for more details.''

''Kachess dam was constructed in 1912 and is a complete passage barrier to upstream migration of bull trout from entrained Kachess Reservoir populations and other populations attempting to access it (e.g., Gold Creek). The Box Canyon Creek bull trout population has been isolated for over 100 years from Gold Creek and other populations downstream of the lower Kachess river and Keechelus Arm.''

''See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on passage issues at the Kachess Narrows.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''The threat of entrainment to Box Canyon Creek fish is likely significant but unknown due to the few tagged fish and the absence of a PIT antenna below Kachess Dam as exists below Keechelus and Clear Creek dams. The mechanism of entrainment is apparently through the outlet works as the spillway gates have not been operated since the early 2000’s (Haskell et al. 2022).Trap and haul downstream of Kachess and Keechelus dams began in 2019. Since that time only one Box Canyon Creek-origin fish has been collected - a 720 mm fish collected below Keechelus Dam. Although the timing of entrainment is unknown, it apparently migrated down to at least Easton Reservoir before returning up the Keechelus Arm to the base of Keechelus Dam where it was collected, transported back to Kachess Reservoir, and released at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek. The fish was PIT tagged and implanted with an acoustic tag for monitoring in Kachess Reservoir and tributaries (Haskell et al. 2022).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''The Box Canyon Creek mouth experiences dewatering during low water years. Shallow, braided channels cut through the reservoir bed which has no vegetation and limited bank stability owing to reservoir fluctuations. The creek carves different pathways each year, resulting in shallow, heavily braided channels that limit fish passage.'' USBR (2008) wrote an appraisal report on potential options for constructing permanent passage and ''USBR has been working on a river delta research project to model different conditions and potential restoration options. Reclamation completed a Hydraulic Modeling Assessment Report and a 60% design package in 2021 describing several features to stabilize the existing stream route (Byrne et al. 2021). Since the KDRPP project is on hold, discussion of Box Canyon restoration has decreased and a project is unlikely to occur. Cultural resource concerns are another reason the project has stalled.''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''In contrast with the Upper Kachess River, logging did not have major impacts on Box Canyon Creek. The part of the creek accessible to bull trout is too steep and confined for clear cutting. Much of the harvest that occurred was in the uplands of the watershed, but some logging occurred near the creek (USFS 2002). The 1996 Box Canyon Watershed Analysis (Cle Elum RD, 1996) reports that 11% of the drainage was altered by timber harvest. The entire watershed is now protected wilderness or USFS land.''

''A greater concern is forest management. There are large stands of timber and significant undergrowth which could result in a high-severity wildfire if fuels are left unmanaged. Forest fires and the resulting sedimentation are a threat to the Box Canyon Creek population.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing near Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek runs through Kachess Campground and the lake bed near the campground. WDFW and BTTF occasionally dissemble rock dams adjacent to the campground, and informational signage has reduced their frequency. Heavy recreation also occurs above Peekaboo Falls and even though bull trout do not have access to those reaches, there may be downstream impacts from the large presence of humans recreating directly next to the stream. Human waste is regularly observed near the stream during redd and habitat surveys. Some harassment may occur as people swim, kayak and boat in or near Box Canyon Creek during summer. Adult bull trout are also subject to harassment at Peekaboo Falls, also known as the "dynamite hole" because of historical attempts to remove bull trout using dynamite. Occasional fishing gear and trash are found near Peekaboo Falls.''

''There has been an overall increase in recreation in this area, particularly since 2020. Kachess residents have noted a decreased responsibility or knowledge in regards to respect for natural resources (John Reeves, personal communication).'' ''The overall impacts of recreation to Box Canyon Creek bull trout are unquantified, but should be better understood in order to guide restoration project proposals.''

''Education and outreach conducted by BTTF near Kachess Campground is ongoing to reduce harassment, illegal fishing, trash, and rock dam construction. However, more emphasis could be placed on the dispersed camping areas upstream of the campground. A report by the Cle Elum Ranger District details specific restoration actions that could occur in Box Canyon, Gale, and Mineral creeks and the Kachess River (Matthews 2016).''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''A USFS road adjacent to Box Canyon Creek could contribute sediment. The road was a problem until 2006, when a portion of it was relocated upslope and stabilized. A five mile section of road along the west shore of Kachess Reservoir allows access to housing and the campground. The road, residential housing, and campground probably don't impact bull trout negatively. Residents report increased illegal road construction and OHV use.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''There is no record of mining in the Box Canyon Creek watershed.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, insignificant''

''Although brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek, the overall distribution is unknown and hybridization with bull trout has not been documented. They are present in Lodge Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). WDFW surveyed Gale and Thetis creeks in 2010 and 2014 and did not find brook trout.'' ''Seven brook trout have been observed during three of the eight years of demographic surveys in Box Canyon Creek .'' ''When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they do not appear to be abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.'' ''Brook trout have not been observed in Box Canyon creek above the partial barrier, Big Pool Falls.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No other invasive species have been observed in Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, Insignificant''

''The prey base in Box Canyon Creek has not been well-studied. However, a fish health study in Box Canyon Creek which primarily looked at disease in cutthroat trout also noted that the fish sampled had "greater than 50% of their pyloric caeca covered in fat deposits and good amounts of body fat" (Kline 2021). This might indicate that cutthroat trout are finding sufficient prey.''

''Hanson et al. (2017) found that bull trout feeding rates are not prey limited, suggesting that Kachess Reservoir could support a larger population of bull trout. The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess'' ''Reservoir and should continue. These stocked kokanee could make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production post- Kachess Dam construction.'' ''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017), resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''Although disease assessments have not been conducted for bull trout, they have been for cutthroat trout.'' ''WDFW and USFWS conducted a cutthroat trout health assessment at Box Canyon Creek where 24 fish were captured below Peekaboo Falls and 30 were captured above the falls (Kline 2021). All fish sampled above and below the falls were negative for six viruses, but about half of the fish tested positive for Bacterial Kidney Disease'' ''(BKD).'' ''BKD is a disease common in wild trout and char, with up to 100% prevalence in some populations (Meyers et al. 2019). BKD can result in slow chronic fish mortality. The level of mortality due to this disease is unknown for Box Canyon Creek bull trout. Additionally,'' ''Hexamida parasite was found in the hindgut of 2/7 cutthroat from below the falls. None of the fish appeared to have reduced body condition or fat deposits due to disease or parasites (Kline 2021).''
=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''
[[File:Box MWMT by Site Year 20251223 v4.png|thumb|Figure 3: Summer water temperatures over time at three monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, 5m Falls (upstream), Peekaboo Falls (middle) and Mouth (downstream). Points show the warmest average temperatures recorded during the summer each year, with lines illustrating year-to-year trends. Variations reflect differences in weather, stream conditions, and water availability that year.]]
''Low flows in the summer could result in elevated water temperatures (Figure 3), and limit fish passage. Dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has occurred in several years over the past two decades. See [[#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish passage barriers]] threat section above for details.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The mean August water temperature modelled by NorWest for "current day" (1993-2011) was 14-16°C in the reach accessible to bull trout (Isaak et al. 2017). Newer observations of mean August temperatures in the same reach are range between 12-15°C., as seen in the [[#Stream Temperature Data |Temperature Monitoring]] section above. Modeled future conditions for 2040 and 2080 show the reach accessible to bull trout in Box Canyon Creek maintaining the 14-16° range, with the exception of the ~500m closest to the reservoir showing predicted temperatures in the 16-18° range (Isaak et al. 2017).''
[[File:Box Detections 2024.png|thumb|Figure 4: Box Canyon Creek PIT antenna operation and bull trout detections in 2024.]]
''The mouth of Box Canyon Creek may act as a thermal barrier for adults entering the tributary to spawn, especially as temperatures rise in the future. A PIT antenna array at the mouth showed few bull trout detections during peak temperatures between mid-July and late-September (Figures 3, 4, Beebe et al. 2024).''

''Juvenile bull trout exposed to water temperature of 12°C for three weeks experience metabolic stress (Best et al. 2025). Mortality of juvenile bull trout spending ~three weeks at 18°C was 20%, whereas it was 2.9% at 15°C. In Box Canyon Creek, future water temperatures will range from 14-16° range , and therefore, bull trout, while unlikely to face direct mortality, may become thermally stressed.''

==== Changes in hydrology ====
''General climate change impacts include reduced snowpack in the Cascade Mountain Range, increased frequency of drought, and an earlier peak run-off period, which will likely culminate in low flows and reduced water quality at Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Water Quality - Other ====
''See above under [[#Recreation|recreation threats]]. There have been observations of human waste and toxic chemicals close to the creek. The threat severity is unknown. A water quality study would help answer this question.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek, including the portion flowing through the reservoir bed is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The Bull Trout Task Force makes angler education a priority at Kachess Campground, and has never encountered someone with a dead, or alive, bull trout. At times, the team has to remind campers that the portion flowing through the lake bed is closed to fishing. The task force has found, on occasion, fishing tackle / trash at the base of Peekaboo Falls, indicating some knowledge of bull trout staging and knowingly fishing closed waters. "Closed waters" signs are posted and maintained at all access points along the creek. Peekaboo falls is also known by long-time locals as the "dynamite hole" referring to historical attempts to remove bull trout before restrictions were in place (BTTF, personal comm. with locals). Similarly, though not in the reach accessible to bull trout, "Bomber Falls" which is 1/4 mile upstream of Peekaboo Falls was also targeted for capture of large fish in this way (Larry Brown, former district biologist, personal communication).''

''Fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir, but the target species is primarily kokanee. A WDFW creel survey at Kachess Reservoir in 2022 observed no harvested bull trout throughout the busy summer season (Divens 2026). However, three bull trout were reported caught and released by anglers, which equated to an estimated 28 in total. An additional 11 fish were reported caught, unidentified and released, some of which were possibly bull trout. It is likely that some portion of the bull trout caught and released by anglers succumbed to hooking mortality. Low reservoir population numbers may limit the number of bull trout encountered by anglers. Angler education on bull trout identification and angling regulations seems to help reduce the number of bull trout lost to recreational angling (Divens 2026). While the exact impact of fishing/poaching is unknown, it is not zero. With the population trend for Box Canyon Creek, any level of catch or harassment could have significant negative impacts.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Although there has been some research on individuals from the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population, negative impacts to the population are considered minor. Several bull trout were captured near the mouth of the creek and at Peekaboo Falls from 2019-2021 and were surgically implanted with tags for a USFWS acoustic telemetry study. Passive demographic surveys (snorkel) and redd surveys have also been conducted.''

''Some questions are yet to be answered about the implications (genetic and demographic) of the rescue-rear-release program being implemented with Upper Kachess River bull trout. See [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|bull trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] page for more details.''

==== Other Threats ====
''Small population size / inbreeding depression?''

''Climate Change''

''Limited extent of habitat''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
''The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers in Box Canyon Creek (mouth, Peekaboo, and Big Pool falls) and the reservoir (Kachess Narrows and Kachess Dam). Other potential threats include high water temperatures near the mouth, illegal angling, catch and release mortality, limited habitat due to inundation of lower reaches of Box Canyon Creek, lack of marine derived nutrients, recreation (large campsite at mouth of spawning reach and extensive dispersed recreation), and the potential expansion of brook trout, especially with increasing temperatures from climate change. The threat of inbreeding depression due to small population size may also be a threat to this population.''

Agriculture, altered flows, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining threats are not present for this population.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority ''actions'' involve ''restoring connectivity'' at the broad scale (at Kachess Dam) and at the local scale through monitoring and ensuring passage at the creek’s mouth ''and through the Kachess Narrows. DISCUSSION IN WKSHP 1 ABOUT ENSURING GENETIC CONNECTIVITY - BUT NO OTHER DISCUSSION OF GENETICS ABOVE. DO WE NEED A THREAT RELATED TO LOSS/LACK OF GENETIC DIVERSITY?'' Other actions that are identified as a priority are outreach to anglers and recreationists, riparian restoration ''or decommissioning of'' ''dispersed campsites'', and evaluating the feasibility of passage at Peekaboo Falls to provide additional spawning and rearing habitat. Available habitat was reduced when the reservoir was constructed and lower reaches were inundated. I''f passage at Peekaboo Falls is implemented, USFS would need to mitigate camping impacts and WDFW would need to change fishing regulations.'' ''Box Canyon Creek is a good candidate for additional water quality monitoring and evaluation of the need for nutrient addition.'' A pilot project that would place carcass analogs to address the lack of marine derived nutrients could be beneficial. Salmon have been excluded from this system for ~100 years, there is suitable access for delivering carcasses, and the stream is short enough to allow for extensive data monitoring. ''Pro-active solutions to prevent the spread of brook trout should be considered for Kachess Reservoir'' ([[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat |See Kachess FMO Recovery Strategy]]).

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Water temperature trends near the mouth and other water quality issues''

''Nutrient levels and evaluation of the need for enhancement''

''Another habitat survey to evaluate long term effects of wood additions''

''Understand the effect of past wood additions on juvenile residence time and survival and assess the need for additional wood placement..''

''Updated genetic baseline and increased effort to collect and PIT tag Box Canyon Creek fish''

''Assess the extent of fisheries impacts, unintentional and illegal harvest. Increase enforcement''

''PIT tag antenna below Kachess Dam to better assess entrainment''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* Campsite next to Peekaboo Falls was closed to overnight camping by USFS in 2002.
* Approximately 15 dispersed campsites along the creek were either re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated to protect sensitive riparian areas by USFS in 1996. There was some ongoing maintenance at the sites, ''but nothing in recent years.''
* With no flow at the mouth on August 23, 1996, USBR made temporary channel modifications to provide passage.
* A 623-foot segment of Box Canyon Road USFS Road 4930, which parallels the creek and was a chronic source of sediment, was relocated upslope and stabilized by USFS in 2006.
* Construction of a temporary straw bale and plastic flume near the confluence of Box Canyon Creek and Kachess Reservoir was required ''in several years between 2001-2025'' to provide upstream bull trout passage. ''This is detailed in the narrative above.''

* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Box Canyon Creek (see Appendix F).
* ''The Bull Trout Task Force provides outreach and education to recreationists and anglers in the area, primarily at Kachess Campground. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the species.''
* ''In 2019, Kittitas Conservation Trust added large wood to the creek to improve bull trout habitat [[#Restoration Actions | See Restoration Actions]] above.''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within the established index areas to monitor long-term abundance trends.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring throughout the Box Canyon Creek drainage including above Peekaboo Falls.

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct assessment and pilot study on feasibility of carcass analogs to enhance prey base for juveniles.

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor for brook trout introgression when collecting genetic samples.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams.

==== Box Canyon Creek Actions ====
Box Canyon Action #1: Monitor/Fix Passage Problems in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #2: Passage over natural barriers in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #3: Carcass Analog Assessment / Pilot Project

Box Canyon Action #4: USFS Road and Recreation Area Management

Box Canyon Action #5: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in November 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Box Canyon Creek small group in December 2025. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==

Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population

2026-02-24T17:59:20Z

ATaylor: /* Flow issues/dewatering */

== Overview ==
Box Canyon Creek originates in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area and flows into Kachess Reservoir from the northwest near its northern end. The reach accessible to migratory fish is about three miles downstream of the wilderness boundary and entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. This reach is relatively short with an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) located at its upstream end approximately 1.5 miles above the reservoir. No significant tributaries enter the creek in the accessible reach. Complete dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has been known to occur in late summer during dry years when streamflow is low and the reservoir level has dropped significantly due to irrigation demands. ''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to get fish past the dry section.''

== Population Information ==

=== Population Distribution and Life History ===
The Box Canyon Creek population displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning area extends from Peekaboo Falls downstream to Kachess Reservoir. Juvenile rearing occurs in the entire 1.5-mile accessible reach. The lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish ('''FIGURE X - MAP'''). Adult bull trout ''typically'' move into Box Canyon Creek in mid-July to mid-August, prior to spawning, and some fish migrate to the large pool directly below Peekaboo Falls. ''In recent years, however, few adult bull trout have been seen in spot checks at Peekaboo Falls during July and August of 2022-2025 (see [[#Population Monitoring|population monitoring]] section below) (Scott Kline, personal communication). Summer demographic surveys showed only 6 adults in 2022 and 1 adult in 2023 staging in the system prior to spawning. Additionally, fewer adults have been seen staging in the pool below "big pool falls" during the first pass redd surveys (Aimee Taylor, BTTF, and Marc Divens, WDFW, personal communication).''
[[File:PeekabooFalls.jpg|alt=waterfall|thumb|Figure 1: Two BTTF staff (lower left) stand in front of Peekaboo Falls, the upstream passage barrier for bull trout on Box Canyon Creek.]]

==== Natural Barriers limiting distribution ====
''There is an impassable waterfall (Peekaboo Falls) at 47.37606, -121.2584672 about 1.5 miles upstream of the reservoir (Figure 1). There have been many discussions about the feasibility of introducing bull trout above Peekaboo Falls to increase spawning and rearing habitat. See [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion]] for more information.''

=== Population Genetics ===
''Early'' results of genetic analyses show''ed'' the Box Canyon Creek population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Genetic samples for the baseline were collected from juveniles during a snorkel survey in 2001 (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Connectivity and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Yakima River fluvial system was eliminated by the construction of Kachess Dam in 1912.

''From 2019-2021, the USFWS collected five adults of Box Canyon Creek genetic origin, four adults of Kachess River-origin, and two adults with mixed origin probabilities in Box Canyon Creek. An additional Box Canyon Creek origin fish was collected below Keechelus Dam in 2021. One of the Box Canyon Creek-origin fish collected in 2020 was recaptured at Peekaboo Falls in 2021. Two of the fish had mixed origin probabilities: one fish had a 0.90 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.10 probability of Kachess River origin while another had a 0.53 probability of Box Canyon Creek origin and a 0.47 probability of Kachess River origin. These mixed probabilities suggest genetic introgression considering the absence of barriers between spawning populations and the relatively large number of Kachess River fish detected in Box Canyon Creek. An updated baseline assessment with contemporary genetic samples is needed as none have been collected since 2021.''

=== Population Monitoring ===
The first known documentation of bull trout inhabiting Kachess Reservoir came in 1941 from creel data collected by WDFW (then known as the Washington Department of Game) between 1937 and 1966. Interestingly, very few bull trout (referred to as Dolly Varden) entered the creel during that time period. In 1982, four bull trout were captured by the agency in gillnets set in the lake (Mongillo 1982), and that same year the species was observed, apparently for the first time, by snorkelers in Box Canyon Creek. As noted above, spawning surveys were initiated two years later, beginning the period of consistent monitoring of the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population that continues today. In 1994, Plum Creek Timber Company conducted night snorkel surveys, observing cutthroat and bull trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995).

The Forest Service conducted snorkel surveys in Box Canyon Creek in 1991 and 1993, observing relatively small numbers of bull trout. CWU researcher Paul James unsuccessfully attempted to trap post-spawn bull trout near the mouth of the creek in 1999; the next year he observed adults while snorkeling in the summer to determine spawn migration timing (James 2002a).

CWU graduate students Yuki Reiss and William Meyer both spent time snorkeling Box Canyon Creek. Reiss captured 31 juvenile bull trout and collected genetic samples in 2001 (Reiss 2003), and Meyer observed both juveniles and adults in 2000 and 2001, ultimately electing not to use these data in his thesis work (William Meyer, WDFW, pers comm).

A 2011 entrainment study found no bull trout directly below Kachess Dam see [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on that effort. ''The USFWS has attempted to collect entrained bull trout below Kachess and Keechelus dams since 2019 but has only collected a single Box Canyon Creek origin bull trout - a 720 mm fish collected at the base of Keechelus Dam (Haskell et al. 2022).''

''In 2016 WDFW started demographic surveys to document all fish species, their size, and distribution, covering on average 56% of the habitat below Peekaboo Falls and ranging between 40% and 100%. In the first 4 years, we found 67% to 100% of the bull trout fry (yoy) in the lower 0.6 miles of habitat. Fry were disproportionately distributed in the lower reaches of the stream even when the distribution of redds would suggest some should be found in the upper reaches. Also, Box Canyon has some of the lowest densities of fry relative to other similar studies on bull trout. The habitat survey showed that this lower reach habitat is higher gradient with less spawning habitat than the 1 mile of accessible habitat in the upper reach, and that the whole 1.6 miles is deficient in large woody material. This information lead to a hypothesis that'' ''Box Canyon has poor recruitment from fry to older age classes because high flows in this stream scour redds and force fry downstream to the reservoir where they do not survive, or if they do hold in this lower reach, have limited rearing habitat because they are blocked from using the upper reach by a juvenile barrier known as Big Pool Falls.''

''Following a large wood habitat project designed to create velocity refuge for fry and allow them to maintain position throughout the creek during high flows, WDFW continued demographic surveys from 2020 to 2023. WDFW found that the fry distribution shifted to the upper reaches of Box Canyon Creek, making them less susceptible to being flushed out of the creek at high flows and utilizing more of the habitat Box Canyon has to offer. It was also found that more juvenile fish were observed throughout Box Canyon Creek, suggesting juvenile fish also benefitted from the habitat project.''

''Sporadic checks of bull trout abundance were made by snorkeling the pool below Peekaboo Falls to help understand the timing of upstream migration and what opportunities that location might provide for a source of fish to reintroduce above Peekaboo Falls. Multiple checks of bull trout abundance there were completed in 2000 (W. Meyer), 2020 (USFWS,WDFW), 2021 (USFWS,WDFW), 2022 (WDFW,MCFEG), and 2023 (WDFW,MCFEG). While over a dozen have been observed at once in 2000 and 2004, no more than 7 bull trout have been observed there at one time in the 2020s.''

''Yakama Nation and USFWS maintain PIT antennas in lower Box Canyon Creek (~0.2 km upstream from the mouth depending on pool level) and temporary antennas in the Box Canyon Creek Flume when it is constructed to allow passage from the reservoir to the creek during periods of low flow. They also maintain antennas in the upper Kachess River (upstream of Kachess Reservoir) near the mouth and 1 km upstream of the reservoir. During low water years an additional temporary antenna is also maintained at Kachess Narrows. An antenna array is maintained directly downstream of Keechelus Dam that has detected bull trout from both Kachess River and Box Canyon Creek populations entrained at Kachess Dam (Beebe et al. 2025).'' ''A similar antenna is needed below Kachess Dam to better assess the magnitude of entrainment of Kachess populations at Kachess Dam.''

''PIT-tagged Box Canyon Creek fish come from two sources: 1) adult bull trout collected during trap and haul work that were entrained at Kachess Dam but collected below Keechelus Dam, and 2), adults collected and tagged in Box Canyon Creek during various collection attempts at Peekaboo Falls and the Box Canyon Creek Flume from 2019 - 2021. Sporadic attempts to collect and tag fish in Box Canyon Creek during other years have been unsuccessful. A relatively large number of Kachess River-origin fish have been detected at PIT-tag monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, but only seven Box Canyon Creek bull trout have been PIT tagged and therefore detections are limited primarily to Kachess River fish. Of the seven Box Canyon Creek origin fish PIT-tagged by USFWS in 2020 and 2021, three were last detected in lower Box Canyon Creek in 2022.''

''During 2023 and 2024, 25 bull trout were detected at PIT-tag sites in lower Box Canyon Creek, all of which were of Kachess River-origin. Two were detected July 10 and 18, while the rest were detected in October and November. No fish were detected in August and September when mean daily water temperature was about 15 °C. Seven were later detected in the Kachess River and two of the seven returned to Box Canyon Creek a second time.'' ''Kachess River fish may enter Box Canyon Creek as early as July with the Kachess River mouth inaccessible until it rewaters in the fall.. Six of the nine fish detected in the flume were later detected at the Box Canyon Creek antenna array indicating that some fish, though not in their natal stream, were successfully navigating the Box Canyon Creek mouth and entering the lower creek via the flume (Beebe et al. 2024, Beebe et al. 2025a, 2025b).''

==== Redd Surveys ====
[[File:Box Canyon Redd Graph Through 2025.png|thumb|Figure 2. Box Canyon Creek Redd Counts 1984 - 2025]]
The spawning period for the Box Canyon Creek population begins in early September and can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted since 1984 and cover the entire spawning area from just upstream of Kachess Reservoir to Peekaboo Falls. Redd counts have been highly variable ''(Figure 2)''. Over the first ten years of surveys, the counts were very low including three years when none were observed. This was probably due in large part to limited adult access to the creek as several years from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s were drought years in the Yakima Basin. The chronic passage problems that occur at the mouth were not yet fully recognized or monitored at that time. ''The first emergency fish passage flume was constructed on Box Canyon Creek in 2001, to allow passage from the reservoir during periods of low flow. Since that time, passage near the mouth is monitored regularly and a flume is constructed if it is deemed necessary for bull trout passage.'' Since 1996 the average number of bull trout redds found in Box Canyon Creek has been ''9'' (''this average includes several years where some survey passes were not possible due to high flows''). ''Redd surveyors attempt three passes in Box Canyon Creek, but high flows often thwart survey attempts late in the season.''

==== Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.) ====
''In 2017, as part of a broader eDNA project, Box Canyon Creek was used as a control location for a collection of seven samples (Parrish 2017). Three samples were collected below Peekaboo Falls, and analysis showed results as "positive" for bull trout presence. An additional four samples were collected upstream of Peekaboo Falls at one kilometer intervals, with results showing "negative" for bull trout. Despite several redd surveys in the 1980's and 1990's, extensive snorkel surveys in 2017, and the eDNA samples mentioned above, the only documentation of bull trout above Peekaboo Falls occurred during Plum Creek nighttime snorkel surveys in 1994 (Plum Creek 1995).''

=== Population Status and Trend ===
The USFWS (1998) considered the Kachess subpopulation to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. At the time this subpopulation included only the Box Canyon Creek local population, as bull trout spawning had not been observed yet in the upper Kachess River nor was a local population recognized. WDFW rates the status of the Kachess Reservoir stock (which included the upper Kachess River population) as critical, further stating that it was very near extirpation (WDFW 2004).

== Habitat ==

=== Habitat Overview ===
Elevations on Box Canyon Creek range from 2,270 feet at its mouth to 2,540 feet at the barrier waterfall. This reach is entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest'', with the headwaters originating in Alpine Lakes Wilderness.'' The current primary land use in the watershed is recreation. Logging has occurred in the past and timber harvest is possible in the future. FS Road 4930 runs parallel and fairly close (<100 yards) to the spawning reach for about two-thirds of its length. In the past, a lengthy section of this road (~600 feet) was a chronic source of sediment in the creek but this section was relocated and stabilized in 2006. Road density in the watershed increases further upstream but these former logging roads are not particularly close to the creek and do not appear to be problematic in terms of sediment contribution. Areas along the riparian corridor of Box Canyon Creek were negatively impacted by past timber harvest; these areas have regrown for the most part. Riparian disturbance also resulted from the presence of numerous dispersed campsites. The Forest Service has re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated many of these areas, ''however, dispersed site usage has substantially increased since 2020, and more rehabilitation is needed. Campers at dispersed sites trample and/or cut riparian vegetation, and leave trash and human biological waste that likely washes into the creek.'' Kachess Campground, a large, highly developed campground is located near the mouth of Box Canyon Creek but is not believed to present significant habitat-related issues.

Overall, habitat conditions in Box Canyon Creek are generally considered good, although they do not meet Forest Plan standards in some areas (i.e., LWD and pool depth). Bed and bank stability are good, sediment levels are low, and water temperatures ''have historically been'' suitable for bull trout (Haring 2001). ''The segment of stream accessible to bull trout is relatively high gradient which produces powerful flow events. Due to the confined nature of the stream, there is very little floodplain habitat that acts as velocity refuge. This impacts juvenile rearing capacity, especially below Big Pool Falls and in the "box" section of the canyon.'' Gravels for spawning are adequate for the current population, ''and could probably support a higher abundance of spawners, particularly above Big Pool Falls (BPF).'' ''Below BPF, wood added to the system in 2019 has created more small pockets of gravel, but no substantial spawning beds.'' ''Big Pool Falls is a passage barrier at low flows. From 2015 to 2024, 45% of redds have been created above big pool falls. In the drought years between those years (2015, 19, 22, 23, 24) only 29% of redds were created above big pool falls. In non-drought years in that time period, 63% of redds were created above big pools falls. In 2019, a large wood supplementation project added hundreds of logs into Box Canyon creek (See [[Box Canyon Creek Bull Trout Population#Restoration Actions|Restoration Actions]] section below). Monitoring by WDFW has shown that most of the wood placed in the stream has remained and created additional stable wood jams beyond what was there before. There is more cobble, gravel, and sand in the creek, often associated with these jams (observed during sediment wedge surveys).''

''A major'' concern for this population is the dewatering, ''sheet flows, and shallow braided channels'' that occur in dry years directly upstream of the creek’s mouth. The time period this occurs coincides with the immigration of pre-spawn bull trout. With the reservoir level significantly lowered from irrigation water withdrawal, the mouth is located on the lakebed. Above this point the creek spreads out over unconsolidated sediments on the bed and can go dry up to several hundred yards upstream. These conditions ''have been'' observed in ''2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025'' and required implementation of remedial passage projects to allow pre-spawn bull trout to enter Box Canyon Creek '''(ADD DRONE PIC?)'''. ''In some other years, a flume was considered but ultimately not installed due to rain in the forecast.''
=== Habitat Monitoring ===

==== Field Habitat Surveys ====
''Prior to 2017,'' some level of monitoring was done before or during spawning surveys to determine if there was ''appropriate passage for'' pre-spawn adult bull trout to migrate upstream from the reservoir into Box Canyon Creek. Thomas (2007) summarized dates, flows, and reservoir elevations when Box Canyon Creek was not passable to upstream migrating adult bull trout. ''As of 2017, WDFW fish passage biologists have monitored the alluvial fan of Box Canyon Creek throughout the summer, opening passage or blocking of small braided channels to increase success of passage through one main channel (Rogala 2024). Redd surveyors make note of potential fish passage barriers (like Big Pool Falls at low-flow) upstream of the reservoir inundation zone.''

Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for Box Canyon Creek in 1990. The percent average fine sediment level was found to be 8.2% (Mayo 1998), which would qualify as “functioning appropriately” (USFWS 1999), although these data are from one year only. The Forest Service completed stream surveys on Box Canyon Creek in ''1989, 1995'', and 2002 (USFS 1989; 1995; 2002b) using Hankin and Reeves protocol (Hankin and Reeves 1988). In this survey, data were collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature. In 2004, a Federal Roads Analysis was completed for the Box Canyon watershed, including an aquatic rating. Mongillo (1982) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Kachess Reservoir.

''WDFW completed a simplified Hankin and Reeves-style habitat survey in 2016 and 2017 from the mouth to just above the second road crossing (currently closed). See the [[Peekaboo Falls Fish Passage Discussion|Peekaboo Falls supplemental page]] for more details on the results of those surveys. The habitat was deficient in wood and pool density. Sediment wedges were measured throughout the creek below peekaboo falls in 2019 and 2021 to measure conditions before and after the large woody habitat project in 2019. The number of sediment wedges and total volume of sediment wedges increased significantly after the wood project. Detailed Wolman pebble counts were done throughout the creek below Peekaboo Falls in 2019, though no post-restoration counts have been completed. WDFW also completed macroinvertebrate collections at 10 locations with three replicates each over two days in mid-August 2016 and two days in mid-September 2016 throughout Box Canyon Creek up to Peekaboo Falls. Macroinvertebrates were identified to order level. Though further analysis was intended, no additional samples were taken and no more detailed identification of samples occurred.''
==== Stream Temperature Data ====
There ''was'' a long-term monitoring site on Box Canyon Creek and temperature ''was'' recorded via a thermograph deployed during the summer low flow period for most years from 1994-2011 (USFS 2011b). ''USFWS, WDFW, and the Bull Trout Task Force reimplemented temperature monitoring starting in 2016. Monitoring sites include Peekaboo Falls (WDFW 2019-2021, BTTF 2024-2025), 5m falls above the first road crossing (2020-present) and down low near Kachess Campground (2016 - Present).''

''Mean daily water temperature as measured by the USFWS at the PIT antenna array in lower Box Canyon Creek ranges from 0 - 14.7 °C with a maximum of about 15 °C (Beebe et al. 2025). See [[#Current and modeled future temperature conditions|current and modeled future temperature conditions]] section below for graphs and more discussion.''
==== Restoration Actions ====
''In August of 2019, partners worked to install 411 large wood pieces with and without root wads in Box Canyon Creek in 22 locations to create 22 log jams. Eleven log jams were installed below Big Pool Falls and 11 log jams were installed upstream of Big Pool Falls, all downstream of Peekaboo Falls. Remaining wood was placed in the pool of Peek a Boo Falls to help raise water surface elevations to allow for greater potential for fish passage. The goal of this project was to create more high flow refugia for YOY and juvenile bull trout within Box Canyon Creek to allow them to hold instream and avoid being flushed into the reservoir. In the fall of 2019, post implementation, a high flow even mobilized all pieces of wood, creating a smaller number of total log jams that were larger in size. Wood movement was anticipated and not considered undesirable. Ten-fifteen pieces were lost to the reservoir, but all remaining wood stayed in the channel and floodplain, which continues to provide benefits. Total cost for the project was approximately $475K and it took two years for planning and fundraising prior to implementation in 2019.''

''There have been emergency fish passage flumes built in 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, and 2025 to'' ''concentrate flows through the dry section near the mouth.''

== Threats ==

=== Connectivity ===

==== Fish Passage Barriers ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''Under low flow conditions, the Box Canyon Creek mouth braids and becomes impassable. Big Pool Falls (about halfway up the accessible habitat) occasionally becomes impassable during low water (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). Passage is limited again 1.5 miles upstream, at Peekaboo Falls, further reducing the available spawning and rearing habitat. WDFW monitors fish passage at the mouth, and constructs a temporary flume when it is deemed necessary (2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2024, 2025). [[#Habitat Overview | See Habitat Overview]] above for more details.''

''Kachess dam was constructed in 1912 and is a complete passage barrier to upstream migration of bull trout from entrained Kachess Reservoir populations and other populations attempting to access it (e.g., Gold Creek). The Box Canyon Creek bull trout population has been isolated for over 100 years from Gold Creek and other populations downstream of the lower Kachess river and Keechelus Arm.''

''See [[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat]] page for more details on passage issues at the Kachess Narrows.''

==== Entrainment ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''The threat of entrainment to Box Canyon Creek fish is likely significant but unknown due to the few tagged fish and the absence of a PIT antenna below Kachess Dam as exists below Keechelus and Clear Creek dams. The mechanism of entrainment is apparently through the outlet works as the spillway gates have not been operated since the early 2000’s (Haskell et al. 2022).Trap and haul downstream of Kachess and Keechelus dams began in 2019. Since that time only one Box Canyon Creek-origin fish has been collected - a 720 mm fish collected below Keechelus Dam. Although the timing of entrainment is unknown, it apparently migrated down to at least Easton Reservoir before returning up the Keechelus Arm to the base of Keechelus Dam where it was collected, transported back to Kachess Reservoir, and released at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek. The fish was PIT tagged and implanted with an acoustic tag for monitoring in Kachess Reservoir and tributaries (Haskell et al. 2022).''

==== Dewatering due to flow management ====
''Threat Severity: Significant''

''The Box Canyon Creek mouth experiences dewatering during low water years. Shallow, braided channels cut through the reservoir bed which has no vegetation and limited bank stability owing to reservoir fluctuations. The creek carves different pathways each year, resulting in shallow, heavily braided channels that limit fish passage.'' USBR (2008) wrote an appraisal report on potential options for constructing permanent passage and ''USBR has been working on a river delta research project to model different conditions and potential restoration options. Reclamation completed a Hydraulic Modeling Assessment Report and a 60% design package in 2021 describing several features to stabilize the existing stream route (Byrne et al. 2021). Since the KDRPP project is on hold, discussion of Box Canyon restoration has decreased and a project is unlikely to occur. Cultural resource concerns are another reason the project has stalled.''

=== Land-use Issues ===

==== Forestry ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown''

''In contrast with the Upper Kachess River, logging did not have major impacts on Box Canyon Creek. The part of the creek accessible to bull trout is too steep and confined for clear cutting. Much of the harvest that occurred was in the uplands of the watershed, but some logging occurred near the creek (USFS 2002). The 1996 Box Canyon Watershed Analysis (Cle Elum RD, 1996) reports that 11% of the drainage was altered by timber harvest. The entire watershed is now protected wilderness or USFS land.''

''A greater concern is forest management. There are large stands of timber and significant undergrowth which could result in a high-severity wildfire if fuels are left unmanaged. Forest fires and the resulting sedimentation are a threat to the Box Canyon Creek population.''

==== Agriculture and Grazing ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''There is no agriculture or grazing near Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Recreation ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek runs through Kachess Campground and the lake bed near the campground. WDFW and BTTF occasionally dissemble rock dams adjacent to the campground, and informational signage has reduced their frequency. Heavy recreation also occurs above Peekaboo Falls and even though bull trout do not have access to those reaches, there may be downstream impacts from the large presence of humans recreating directly next to the stream. Human waste is regularly observed near the stream during redd and habitat surveys. Some harassment may occur as people swim, kayak and boat in or near Box Canyon Creek during summer. Adult bull trout are also subject to harassment at Peekaboo Falls, also known as the "dynamite hole" because of historical attempts to remove bull trout using dynamite. Occasional fishing gear and trash are found near Peekaboo Falls.''

''There has been an overall increase in recreation in this area, particularly since 2020. Kachess residents have noted a decreased responsibility or knowledge in regards to respect for natural resources (John Reeves, personal communication).'' ''The overall impacts of recreation to Box Canyon Creek bull trout are unquantified, but should be better understood in order to guide restoration project proposals.''

''Education and outreach conducted by BTTF near Kachess Campground is ongoing to reduce harassment, illegal fishing, trash, and rock dam construction. However, more emphasis could be placed on the dispersed camping areas upstream of the campground. A report by the Cle Elum Ranger District details specific restoration actions that could occur in Box Canyon, Gale, and Mineral creeks and the Kachess River (Matthews 2016).''

==== Roads and Development ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''A USFS road adjacent to Box Canyon Creek could contribute sediment. The road was a problem until 2006, when a portion of it was relocated upslope and stabilized. A five mile section of road along the west shore of Kachess Reservoir allows access to housing and the campground. The road, residential housing, and campground probably don't impact bull trout negatively. Residents report increased illegal road construction and OHV use.''

==== Mining ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Insignificant''

''There is no record of mining in the Box Canyon Creek watershed.''

==== Other ====

=== Ecological Interactions ===

==== Brook Trout ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, insignificant''

''Although brook trout have been observed in Kachess Reservoir and Box Canyon Creek, the overall distribution is unknown and hybridization with bull trout has not been documented. They are present in Lodge Creek (Scott Kline, WDFW, personal communication). WDFW surveyed Gale and Thetis creeks in 2010 and 2014 and did not find brook trout.'' ''Seven brook trout have been observed during three of the eight years of demographic surveys in Box Canyon Creek .'' ''When brook trout are observed during demographic surveys, snorkelers attempt to capture and cull the fish. Kachess Reservoir tributaries may be a good candidate for brook trout suppression and/or eradication because they do not appear to be abundant in bull trout spawning and rearing tributaries.'' ''Brook trout have not been observed in Box Canyon creek above the partial barrier, Big Pool Falls.''

==== Other Invasive Species ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''No other invasive species have been observed in Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Diminished Prey Base ====
''Threat Severity: Unknown, Insignificant''

''The prey base in Box Canyon Creek has not been well-studied. However, a fish health study in Box Canyon Creek which primarily looked at disease in cutthroat trout also noted that the fish sampled had "greater than 50% of their pyloric caeca covered in fat deposits and good amounts of body fat" (Kline 2021). This might indicate that cutthroat trout are finding sufficient prey.''

''Hanson et al. (2017) found that bull trout feeding rates are not prey limited, suggesting that Kachess Reservoir could support a larger population of bull trout. The authors noted that annual stockings of kokanee are an important source of prey for bull trout in Kachess'' ''Reservoir and should continue. These stocked kokanee could make up for the lack of anadromous smolt production post- Kachess Dam construction.'' ''Extensive drawdown of Kachess Reservoir, such as under a KDRPP scenario, would reduce littoral prey production and lead to food-web compression (Hansen et al. 2017), resulting in reduced foraging efficiency and shifts in bull trout habitat use and prey selection (Taylor 2022).''

==== Disease ====
''Threat Severity: Insignificant''

''Although disease assessments have not been conducted for bull trout, they have been for cutthroat trout.'' ''WDFW and USFWS conducted a cutthroat trout health assessment at Box Canyon Creek where 24 fish were captured below Peekaboo Falls and 30 were captured above the falls (Kline 2021). All fish sampled above and below the falls were negative for six viruses, but about half of the fish tested positive for Bacterial Kidney Disease'' ''(BKD).'' ''BKD is a disease common in wild trout and char, with up to 100% prevalence in some populations (Meyers et al. 2019). BKD can result in slow chronic fish mortality. The level of mortality due to this disease is unknown for Box Canyon Creek bull trout. Additionally,'' ''Hexamida parasite was found in the hindgut of 2/7 cutthroat from below the falls. None of the fish appeared to have reduced body condition or fat deposits due to disease or parasites (Kline 2021).''
=== Water Quantity and Quality ===

==== Flow issues/dewatering ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Significant''
[[File:Box MWMT by Site Year 20251223 v4.png|thumb|Figure 3: Summer water temperatures over time at three monitoring sites in Box Canyon Creek, 5m Falls (upstream), Peekaboo Falls (middle) and Mouth (downstream). Points show the warmest average temperatures recorded during the summer each year, with lines illustrating year-to-year trends. Variations reflect differences in weather, stream conditions, and water availability that year.]]
''Low flows in the summer could result in elevated water temperatures (Figure 3), and limit fish passage. Dewatering at the mouth of Box Canyon Creek has occurred in several years over the past two decades. See [[#Fish Passage Barriers|Fish passage barriers]] threat section above for details.''

==== Current and modeled future temperature conditions ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown''

''The mean August water temperature modelled by NorWest for "current day" (1993-2011) was 14-16°C in the reach accessible to bull trout (Isaak et al. 2017). Newer observations of mean August temperatures in the same reach are range between 12-15°C., as seen in the [[#Stream Temperature Data |Temperature Monitoring]] section above. Modeled future conditions for 2040 and 2080 show the reach accessible to bull trout in Box Canyon Creek maintaining the 14-16° range, with the exception of the ~500m closest to the reservoir showing predicted temperatures in the 16-18° range (Isaak et al. 2017).''
[[File:Box Detections 2024.png|thumb|Figure 4: Box Canyon Creek PIT antenna operation and bull trout detections in 2024.]]
''The mouth of Box Canyon Creek may act as a thermal barrier for adults entering the tributary to spawn, especially as temperatures rise in the future. A PIT antenna array at the mouth showed few bull trout detections during peak temperatures between mid-July and late-September (Figures 3, 4, Beebe et al. 2024).''

''Juvenile bull trout exposed to water temperature of 12°C for three weeks experience metabolic stress (Best et al. 2025). Mortality of juvenile bull trout spending ~three weeks at 18°C was 20%, whereas it was 2.9% at 15°C. In Box Canyon Creek, future water temperatures will range from 14-16° range , and therefore, bull trout, while unlikely to face direct mortality, may become thermally stressed.''

==== Changes in hydrology ====
''General climate change impacts include reduced snowpack in the Cascade Mountain Range, increased frequency of drought, and an earlier peak run-off period, which will likely culminate in low flows and reduced water quality at Box Canyon Creek.''

==== Water Quality - Other ====
''See above under recreation threats. There have been observations of human waste and toxic chemicals close to the creek. The threat severity is unknown. A water quality study would help answer this question.''

=== Fisheries Impacts ===

==== Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely significant''

''Box Canyon Creek, including the portion flowing through the reservoir bed is closed to fishing year-round to protect bull trout. The Bull Trout Task Force makes angler education a priority at Kachess Campground, and has never encountered someone with a dead, or alive, bull trout. At times, the team has to remind campers that the portion flowing through the lake bed is closed to fishing. The task force has found, on occasion, fishing tackle / trash at the base of Peekaboo Falls, indicating some knowledge of bull trout staging and knowingly fishing closed waters. "Closed waters" signs are posted and maintained at all access points along the creek. Peekaboo falls is also known by long-time locals as the "dynamite hole" referring to historical attempts to remove bull trout before restrictions were in place (BTTF, personal comm. with locals). Similarly, though not in the reach accessible to bull trout, "Bomber Falls" which is 1/4 mile upstream of Peekaboo Falls was also targeted for capture of large fish in this way (Larry Brown, former district biologist, personal communication).''

''Fishing is common in Kachess Reservoir, but the target species is primarily kokanee. A WDFW creel survey at Kachess Reservoir in 2022 observed no harvested bull trout throughout the busy summer season (Divens 2026). However, three bull trout were reported caught and released by anglers, which equated to an estimated 28 in total. An additional 11 fish were reported caught, unidentified and released, some of which were possibly bull trout. It is likely that some portion of the bull trout caught and released by anglers succumbed to hooking mortality. Low reservoir population numbers may limit the number of bull trout encountered by anglers. Angler education on bull trout identification and angling regulations seems to help reduce the number of bull trout lost to recreational angling (Divens 2026). While the exact impact of fishing/poaching is unknown, it is not zero. With the population trend for Box Canyon Creek, any level of catch or harassment could have significant negative impacts.''

==== Management/Monitoring (Research) ====
''Threat Severity'': ''Unknown, likely insignificant''

''Although there has been some research on individuals from the Box Canyon Creek bull trout population, negative impacts to the population are considered minor. Several bull trout were captured near the mouth of the creek and at Peekaboo Falls from 2019-2021 and were surgically implanted with tags for a USFWS acoustic telemetry study. Passive demographic surveys (snorkel) and redd surveys have also been conducted.''

''Some questions are yet to be answered about the implications (genetic and demographic) of the rescue-rear-release program being implemented with Upper Kachess River bull trout. See [[Bull Trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project|bull trout Population Restoration and Monitoring Project]] page for more details.''

==== Other Threats ====
''Small population size / inbreeding depression?''

''Climate Change''

''Limited extent of habitat''

==== Other ====

== Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats ==
''The highest severity threats to this population are passage barriers in Box Canyon Creek (mouth, Peekaboo, and Big Pool falls) and the reservoir (Kachess Narrows and Kachess Dam). Other potential threats include high water temperatures near the mouth, illegal angling, catch and release mortality, limited habitat due to inundation of lower reaches of Box Canyon Creek, lack of marine derived nutrients, recreation (large campsite at mouth of spawning reach and extensive dispersed recreation), and the potential expansion of brook trout, especially with increasing temperatures from climate change. The threat of inbreeding depression due to small population size may also be a threat to this population.''

Agriculture, altered flows, development, grazing, transportation issues, and mining threats are not present for this population.

== Recovery Strategy ==

=== Population-level Recovery Strategy ===
This population has been identified as a high priority “Action” population (see Prioritization of Actions). The highest priority ''actions'' involve ''restoring connectivity'' at the broad scale (at Kachess Dam) and at the local scale through monitoring and ensuring passage at the creek’s mouth ''and through the Kachess Narrows. DISCUSSION IN WKSHP 1 ABOUT ENSURING GENETIC CONNECTIVITY - BUT NO OTHER DISCUSSION OF GENETICS ABOVE. DO WE NEED A THREAT RELATED TO LOSS/LACK OF GENETIC DIVERSITY?'' Other actions that are identified as a priority are outreach to anglers and recreationists, riparian restoration ''or decommissioning of'' ''dispersed campsites'', and evaluating the feasibility of passage at Peekaboo Falls to provide additional spawning and rearing habitat. Available habitat was reduced when the reservoir was constructed and lower reaches were inundated. I''f passage at Peekaboo Falls is implemented, USFS would need to mitigate camping impacts and WDFW would need to change fishing regulations.'' ''Box Canyon Creek is a good candidate for additional water quality monitoring and evaluation of the need for nutrient addition.'' A pilot project that would place carcass analogs to address the lack of marine derived nutrients could be beneficial. Salmon have been excluded from this system for ~100 years, there is suitable access for delivering carcasses, and the stream is short enough to allow for extensive data monitoring. ''Pro-active solutions to prevent the spread of brook trout should be considered for Kachess Reservoir'' ([[Kachess Reservoir FMO Habitat |See Kachess FMO Recovery Strategy]]).

=== Monitoring Needs/Key Questions ===
----''Water temperature trends near the mouth and other water quality issues''

''Nutrient levels and evaluation of the need for enhancement''

''Another habitat survey to evaluate long term effects of wood additions''

''Understand the effect of past wood additions on juvenile residence time and survival and assess the need for additional wood placement..''

''Updated genetic baseline and increased effort to collect and PIT tag Box Canyon Creek fish''

''Assess the extent of fisheries impacts, unintentional and illegal harvest. Increase enforcement''

''PIT tag antenna below Kachess Dam to better assess entrainment''

== Actions ==
''Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.''

=== Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions ===

* Campsite next to Peekaboo Falls was closed to overnight camping by USFS in 2002.
* Approximately 15 dispersed campsites along the creek were either re-engineered or closed and rehabilitated to protect sensitive riparian areas by USFS in 1996. There was some ongoing maintenance at the sites, ''but nothing in recent years.''
* With no flow at the mouth on August 23, 1996, USBR made temporary channel modifications to provide passage.
* A 623-foot segment of Box Canyon Road USFS Road 4930, which parallels the creek and was a chronic source of sediment, was relocated upslope and stabilized by USFS in 2006.
* Construction of a temporary straw bale and plastic flume near the confluence of Box Canyon Creek and Kachess Reservoir was required ''in several years between 2001-2025'' to provide upstream bull trout passage. ''This is detailed in the narrative above.''

* Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Box Canyon Creek (see Appendix F).
* ''The Bull Trout Task Force provides outreach and education to recreationists and anglers in the area, primarily at Kachess Campground. There has been a noticeable increase in awareness of the species.''
* ''In 2019, Kittitas Conservation Trust added large wood to the creek to improve bull trout habitat [[#Restoration Actions | See Restoration Actions]] above.''

=== Recommended Actions ===

==== Relevant Multiple Population Actions ====
Multiple Populations #1: Provide outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).

Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within the established index areas to monitor long-term abundance trends.

Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring throughout the Box Canyon Creek drainage including above Peekaboo Falls.

Multiple Populations #4: Conduct assessment and pilot study on feasibility of carcass analogs to enhance prey base for juveniles.

Multiple Populations #7: Monitor for brook trout introgression when collecting genetic samples.

Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams.

==== Box Canyon Creek Actions ====
Box Canyon Action #1: Monitor/Fix Passage Problems in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #2: Passage over natural barriers in Box Canyon Creek

Box Canyon Action #3: Carcass Analog Assessment / Pilot Project

Box Canyon Action #4: USFS Road and Recreation Area Management

Box Canyon Action #5: Supplementation, Fish Salvage and/or Translocation

=== Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population ===
None

== Update Notes ==
''2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in November 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark''

Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and Box Canyon Creek small group in December 2025. ''Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in XXXXXXXXXXXXX''

Specific detail on out of cycle updates:

== References ==