Indian Creek Bull Trout Population - Revision history

Aconley: /* Mining */

2025-08-15T16:39:53Z

Mining

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 15 August 2025
Line 126:		Line 126:
	Threat Severity: Insignificant		Threat Severity: Insignificant

	No issues related to mining have been identified in the Indian Creek watershed. Only one exploratory mining site is known; the Indian Creek Cinnabar Property<ref>{{Cite web \|last=The Diggins \|date=2024/10/28 \|title=Indian Creek Cinnabar Property \|url=https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10042384}}</ref> watershed was accessed by a jeep trail in the 1950s (visible as a trail headed up the draw to the east of Indian Creek just downstream of the falls on the USGS topographic map).		No issues related to mining have been identified in the Indian Creek watershed. Only one exploratory mining site is known; the Indian Creek Cinnabar Property<ref>{{Cite web \|last=The Diggins \|date=2024-10-28 \|title=Indian Creek Cinnabar Property \|url=https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10042384}}</ref> watershed was accessed by a jeep trail in the 1950s (visible as a trail headed up the draw to the east of Indian Creek just downstream of the falls on the USGS topographic map).

	==== Other ====		==== Other ====

Aconley: /* Mining */

2025-08-15T16:33:25Z

Mining

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 15 August 2025
Line 126:		Line 126:
	Threat Severity: Insignificant		Threat Severity: Insignificant

	No issues related to mining have been identified in the Indian Creek watershed. Only one exploratory mining site is known; the Indian Creek Cinnabar Property<ref>{{Cite web \|last=The Diggins \|date=10/28~~/2024~~ \|title=Indian Creek Cinnabar Property \|url=https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10042384}}</ref> watershed was accessed by a jeep trail in the 1950s (visible as a trail headed up the draw to the east of Indian Creek just downstream of the falls on the USGS topographic map).		No issues related to mining have been identified in the Indian Creek watershed. Only one exploratory mining site is known; the Indian Creek Cinnabar Property<ref>{{Cite web \|last=The Diggins \|date=2024/10/28 \|title=Indian Creek Cinnabar Property \|url=https://thediggings.com/mines/usgs10042384}}</ref> watershed was accessed by a jeep trail in the 1950s (visible as a trail headed up the draw to the east of Indian Creek just downstream of the falls on the USGS topographic map).

	==== Other ====		==== Other ====

ATaylor: /* Stream Temperature Data */

2025-04-29T22:24:24Z

Stream Temperature Data

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:24, 29 April 2025
Line 56:		Line 56:
	==== Stream Temperature Data ====		==== Stream Temperature Data ====
	[[File:Indian Oct23-Nov24.png\|thumb\|Figure 5. Daily Maximum Water Temperature in Indian Creek and the springs from October 2023 to November 2024]]		[[File:Indian Oct23-Nov24.png\|thumb\|Figure 5. Daily Maximum Water Temperature in Indian Creek and the springs from October 2023 to November 2024]]
	Indian Creek at the Highway 12 crossing was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed during the summer low flow period in 10 out of 11 years from 1997-2007 (USFS 2011a<ref>USFS. ''Summary of Temperature Monitoring Locations on the Naches Ranger District 1989-2011''. USFS, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Naches Ranger District, 2011, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS_2011a.xlsx.</ref>). Other thermographs were deployed in and around the spring tributaries in 2000. Temperature data from 2007 to 2021 is a monitoring gap. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service started continuous temperature monitoring again in 2021 at the site of their PIT antennas, 0.5 miles upstream of the mouth. In fall of 2023, Mid-Columbia Fisheries started monitoring temperature in the North Spring, with several more thermographs deployed in the other springs and the mainstem in April of 2024 ~~(Figure 5)~~. Monitoring is expected to continue as long as there is funding for equipment, time and maintenance of thermographs.		Indian Creek at the Highway 12 crossing was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed during the summer low flow period in 10 out of 11 years from 1997-2007 (USFS 2011a<ref>USFS. ''Summary of Temperature Monitoring Locations on the Naches Ranger District 1989-2011''. USFS, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Naches Ranger District, 2011, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS_2011a.xlsx.</ref>). Other thermographs were deployed in and around the spring tributaries in 2000. Temperature data from 2007 to 2021 is a monitoring gap. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service started continuous temperature monitoring again in 2021 at the site of their PIT antennas, 0.5 miles upstream of the mouth. In fall of 2023, Mid-Columbia Fisheries started monitoring temperature in the North Spring, with several more thermographs deployed in the other springs and the mainstem in April of 2024. Monitoring is expected to continue as long as there is funding for equipment, time and maintenance of thermographs.

	The United States Forest Service NorWeST Stream Temperature Model<ref>Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, D. Nagel, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, B. Roper, S. Wollrab, G. Chandler, D. Horan, S. Parkes-Payne. 2017. The NorWeST summer stream temperature model and scenarios for the western U.S.: A crowd-sourced database and new geospatial tools foster a user community and predict broad climate warming of rivers and streams. Water Resources Research, 53: 9181-9205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020969</nowiki>.</ref> predicts the coldest available habitat (0-8 degrees C) in Indian Creek to shrink by 2080, but remain less than 12 C throughout the next several decades. Recent temperature monitoring suggests that cold water (4-6 C) is consistently produced in the springs mentioned above, year-round. With new temperature data showing consistent cold water habitat in Indian Creek, it is important to note the importance of this stream as a refuge as other nearby stream temperatures rise due to climate change.		The United States Forest Service NorWeST Stream Temperature Model<ref>Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, D. Nagel, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, B. Roper, S. Wollrab, G. Chandler, D. Horan, S. Parkes-Payne. 2017. The NorWeST summer stream temperature model and scenarios for the western U.S.: A crowd-sourced database and new geospatial tools foster a user community and predict broad climate warming of rivers and streams. Water Resources Research, 53: 9181-9205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020969</nowiki>.</ref> predicts the coldest available habitat (0-8 degrees C) in Indian Creek to shrink by 2080, but remain less than 12 C throughout the next several decades. Recent temperature monitoring suggests that cold water (4-6 C) is consistently produced in the springs mentioned above, year-round (Figure 5). With new temperature data showing consistent cold water habitat in Indian Creek, it is important to note the importance of this stream as a refuge as other nearby stream temperatures rise due to climate change.

	==== Restoration Actions ====		==== Restoration Actions ====

ATaylor: /* Stream Temperature Data */

2025-04-29T22:14:22Z

Stream Temperature Data

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:14, 29 April 2025
Line 55:		Line 55:
	During annual spawning surveys, the following observations have been made: low flows and split channels occasionally impede upstream migration, generally near Trail 1147 crossing at the end of the Indian Creek Road. In 2010, a high intensity rain event caused a delivery of high sediment from upland areas into the spawning and rearing area adjacent to the North Spring area of Indian Creek. Another large weather event in 2013 caused debris flows to contribute a substantial amount of fine sediment to the creek. Passage into the North Spring was inhibited by a natural woody debris jam starting in 2020 and became passable again in 2023. The upper extent of passage in the Lower South Spring is a large inactive beaver dam.		During annual spawning surveys, the following observations have been made: low flows and split channels occasionally impede upstream migration, generally near Trail 1147 crossing at the end of the Indian Creek Road. In 2010, a high intensity rain event caused a delivery of high sediment from upland areas into the spawning and rearing area adjacent to the North Spring area of Indian Creek. Another large weather event in 2013 caused debris flows to contribute a substantial amount of fine sediment to the creek. Passage into the North Spring was inhibited by a natural woody debris jam starting in 2020 and became passable again in 2023. The upper extent of passage in the Lower South Spring is a large inactive beaver dam.
	==== Stream Temperature Data ====		==== Stream Temperature Data ====
	Indian Creek at the Highway 12 crossing was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed during the summer low flow period in 10 out of 11 years from 1997-2007 (USFS 2011a<ref>USFS. ''Summary of Temperature Monitoring Locations on the Naches Ranger District 1989-2011''. USFS, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Naches Ranger District, 2011, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS_2011a.xlsx.</ref>). Other thermographs were deployed in and around the spring tributaries in 2000. Temperature data from 2007 to 2021 is a monitoring gap. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service started continuous temperature monitoring again in 2021 at the site of their PIT antennas, 0.5 miles upstream of the mouth. In fall of 2023, Mid-Columbia Fisheries started monitoring temperature in the North Spring, with several more thermographs deployed in the other springs and the mainstem in April of 2024. Monitoring is expected to continue as long as there is funding for equipment, time and maintenance of thermographs. ~~ADD GRAPH?~~		[[File:Indian Oct23-Nov24.png\|thumb\|Figure 5. Daily Maximum Water Temperature in Indian Creek and the springs from October 2023 to November 2024]]
			Indian Creek at the Highway 12 crossing was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed during the summer low flow period in 10 out of 11 years from 1997-2007 (USFS 2011a<ref>USFS. ''Summary of Temperature Monitoring Locations on the Naches Ranger District 1989-2011''. USFS, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Naches Ranger District, 2011, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/USFS_2011a.xlsx.</ref>). Other thermographs were deployed in and around the spring tributaries in 2000. Temperature data from 2007 to 2021 is a monitoring gap. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service started continuous temperature monitoring again in 2021 at the site of their PIT antennas, 0.5 miles upstream of the mouth. In fall of 2023, Mid-Columbia Fisheries started monitoring temperature in the North Spring, with several more thermographs deployed in the other springs and the mainstem in April of 2024 (Figure 5). Monitoring is expected to continue as long as there is funding for equipment, time and maintenance of thermographs.

	The United States Forest Service NorWeST Stream Temperature Model<ref>Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, D. Nagel, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, B. Roper, S. Wollrab, G. Chandler, D. Horan, S. Parkes-Payne. 2017. The NorWeST summer stream temperature model and scenarios for the western U.S.: A crowd-sourced database and new geospatial tools foster a user community and predict broad climate warming of rivers and streams. Water Resources Research, 53: 9181-9205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020969</nowiki>.</ref> predicts the coldest available habitat (0-8 degrees C) in Indian Creek to shrink by 2080, but remain less than 12 C throughout the next several decades. Recent temperature monitoring suggests that cold water (4-6 C) is consistently produced in the springs mentioned above, year-round. With new temperature data showing consistent cold water habitat in Indian Creek, it is important to note the importance of this stream as a refuge as other nearby stream temperatures rise due to climate change.		The United States Forest Service NorWeST Stream Temperature Model<ref>Isaak, D., S. Wenger, E. Peterson, J. Ver Hoef, D. Nagel, C. Luce, S. Hostetler, J. Dunham, B. Roper, S. Wollrab, G. Chandler, D. Horan, S. Parkes-Payne. 2017. The NorWeST summer stream temperature model and scenarios for the western U.S.: A crowd-sourced database and new geospatial tools foster a user community and predict broad climate warming of rivers and streams. Water Resources Research, 53: 9181-9205. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020969</nowiki>.</ref> predicts the coldest available habitat (0-8 degrees C) in Indian Creek to shrink by 2080, but remain less than 12 C throughout the next several decades. Recent temperature monitoring suggests that cold water (4-6 C) is consistently produced in the springs mentioned above, year-round. With new temperature data showing consistent cold water habitat in Indian Creek, it is important to note the importance of this stream as a refuge as other nearby stream temperatures rise due to climate change.
Line 163:		Line 164:
	Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant		Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant

	Indian Creek is modelled by NorWest to maintain relatively cold temperatures into the future. Water between 4-6 C is produced in the three springs year-round. See stream temperature data above for more information.		Indian Creek is modelled by NorWest to maintain relatively cold temperatures into the future. Water between 4-6 C is produced in the three springs year-round. See stream temperature data above for more information. See figure 5 above for a visualization of temperature data in 2024.

	==== Other changes in hydrology ====		==== Other changes in hydrology ====

ATaylor: /* Climate Change impact on Habitat */

2025-04-07T21:23:35Z

Climate Change impact on Habitat

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 7 April 2025
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Since the 1999 stream survey report, there have been a number of landslides (the most substantial occurring in 2013) that have deposited material in the Indian Creek floodplain and contribute to over-widening of the channel. This is most noticeable in the valley bottom from the confluence of the North Spring to about 1 mile upstream of the wilderness boundary. The debris flows seem to be a natural occurrence not related to anthropogenic disturbance in the upper watershed. Another debris flow in 2019 filled the North Spring with fine sediment and created a network of braided channels.		Since the 1999 stream survey report, there have been a number of landslides (the most substantial occurring in 2013) that have deposited material in the Indian Creek floodplain and contribute to over-widening of the channel. This is most noticeable in the valley bottom from the confluence of the North Spring to about 1 mile upstream of the wilderness boundary. The debris flows seem to be a natural occurrence not related to anthropogenic disturbance in the upper watershed. Another debris flow in 2019 filled the North Spring with fine sediment and created a network of braided channels.

	Habitat quality in the reach below the bridge is not nearly as good as above it and diminishes appreciably closer to the mouth of the creek. See threats section ~~for more information.~~		Habitat quality in the reach below the bridge is not nearly as good as above it and diminishes appreciably closer to the mouth of the creek. See threats section for more information. [[File:20230911 122221.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 4. A BTTF Technician sits below the barrier falls on river-right at Indian Creek]]

	~~==== Climate Change impact on Habitat ====~~
	~~Indian Creek is one of the few locations in the Yakima Basin that may remain suitable for bull trout in the face of climate change. See stream temperature data below~~ for more information.[[File:20230911 122221.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 4. A BTTF Technician sits below the barrier falls on river-right at Indian Creek]]

	=== Habitat Monitoring ===		=== Habitat Monitoring ===

ATaylor: /* Population Genetics */

2025-02-28T20:20:15Z

Population Genetics

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 28 February 2025
Line 20:		Line 20:
	The Indian Creek population is genetically distinct from other populations in the Yakima Basin, including the other adfluvial populations residing in Rimrock Reservoir to which it is physically connected (South and North Fork Tieton rivers). To determine genetic variability within bull trout populations in the Yakima River basin, Reiss (2003<ref>Reiss, Yuki. ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin''. 2003. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf.</ref>) analyzed genetic samples collected from post-spawn adults in Indian Creek in 1996. Small et. al 2009<ref name=":0">Small, M. P., et al. ''WDFW Yakima Bull Trout Report. Phase 3: Genetic Analysis of Yakima Basin Bull Trout (Salvelinus Confluentus)''. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2009, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Small_et_al_2009.doc</nowiki>.</ref> confirmed significant genetic distinction between Indian Creek bull trout and other Rimrock lake populations.		The Indian Creek population is genetically distinct from other populations in the Yakima Basin, including the other adfluvial populations residing in Rimrock Reservoir to which it is physically connected (South and North Fork Tieton rivers). To determine genetic variability within bull trout populations in the Yakima River basin, Reiss (2003<ref>Reiss, Yuki. ''Genetic Variability Within Bull Trout Populations in the Yakima River Basin''. 2003. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Yuki_Reissthesis.pdf.</ref>) analyzed genetic samples collected from post-spawn adults in Indian Creek in 1996. Small et. al 2009<ref name=":0">Small, M. P., et al. ''WDFW Yakima Bull Trout Report. Phase 3: Genetic Analysis of Yakima Basin Bull Trout (Salvelinus Confluentus)''. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2009, <nowiki>https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Small_et_al_2009.doc</nowiki>.</ref> confirmed significant genetic distinction between Indian Creek bull trout and other Rimrock lake populations.

	See more information under the population genetics section of Rimrock Reservoir Populations Page.		See more information under the population genetics section of [[Rimrock Lake Bull Trout Population Group\|Rimrock Reservoir Populations Page]].
	=== Population Monitoring ===		=== Population Monitoring ===
	In 1982 a snorkel survey was conducted on Indian Creek and found bull trout and cutthroat trout but no brook trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1993 (no digital reference)). Shortly thereafter in 1984, exploratory spawning surveys began with complete surveys conducted since 1988. The Indian Creek bull trout population has received considerable attention since. In 1994, when Plum Creek Timber Company returned and conducted night surveys, only bull trout and whitefish were observed (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995<ref>PlumCreek, Timber Co. ''1994 Washington Bull Trout Survey Results''. 1995. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PlumCreek_1995.pdf</ref>). In work for her CWU Master’s degree, Sexauer studied life history aspects of bull trout in several Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest streams including Indian Creek, reporting on juvenile bull trout population densities (0.03 fish/100m) and habitat use (Sexauer 1994<ref name=":1">Sexauer, H. ''Life History of Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in the Eastern Cascades, Washington''. 1994. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Sexauer-1994.pdf.</ref>; James and Sexauer 1997<ref>Sexauer, Hilda, and Paul James. “Microhabitat Use by Juvenile Bull Trout in Four Streams Located in the Eastern Cascades, Washington.” ''Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings'', 1997, pp. 361–70. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Sexauer-James-1997.pdf</ref>). A CWU graduate student, Brenda James studied the feeding ecology of juvenile bull trout in the stream (James 1997<ref name=":2">James, B. B. ''The Feeding Ecology and Conservation of Juvenile Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in an Eastern Cascade Stream''. 1997. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James-1997.pdf.</ref>). Paul James (2002a<ref>James, P. W. ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University, 2002, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf.</ref>) studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Indian Creek population.		In 1982 a snorkel survey was conducted on Indian Creek and found bull trout and cutthroat trout but no brook trout (Plum Creek Timber Company 1993 (no digital reference)). Shortly thereafter in 1984, exploratory spawning surveys began with complete surveys conducted since 1988. The Indian Creek bull trout population has received considerable attention since. In 1994, when Plum Creek Timber Company returned and conducted night surveys, only bull trout and whitefish were observed (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995<ref>PlumCreek, Timber Co. ''1994 Washington Bull Trout Survey Results''. 1995. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PlumCreek_1995.pdf</ref>). In work for her CWU Master’s degree, Sexauer studied life history aspects of bull trout in several Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest streams including Indian Creek, reporting on juvenile bull trout population densities (0.03 fish/100m) and habitat use (Sexauer 1994<ref name=":1">Sexauer, H. ''Life History of Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in the Eastern Cascades, Washington''. 1994. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Sexauer-1994.pdf.</ref>; James and Sexauer 1997<ref>Sexauer, Hilda, and Paul James. “Microhabitat Use by Juvenile Bull Trout in Four Streams Located in the Eastern Cascades, Washington.” ''Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings'', 1997, pp. 361–70. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Sexauer-James-1997.pdf</ref>). A CWU graduate student, Brenda James studied the feeding ecology of juvenile bull trout in the stream (James 1997<ref name=":2">James, B. B. ''The Feeding Ecology and Conservation of Juvenile Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in an Eastern Cascade Stream''. 1997. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James-1997.pdf.</ref>). Paul James (2002a<ref>James, P. W. ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University, 2002, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf.</ref>) studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Indian Creek population.

ATaylor: /* Current and modeled future temperature conditions */

2025-02-26T18:03:03Z

Current and modeled future temperature conditions

Show changes

ATaylor: /* Current and modeled future temperature conditions */

2025-02-26T17:49:30Z

Current and modeled future temperature conditions

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 26 February 2025
Line 168:		Line 168:
	COULD USE QUICK ANALYSIS OF TRENDS BY USFWS WHO HAVE MONITORED FOR SEVERAL YEARS		COULD USE QUICK ANALYSIS OF TRENDS BY USFWS WHO HAVE MONITORED FOR SEVERAL YEARS

	''Indian Creek is modelled by NorWest to maintain relatively cold temperatures into the future. Water between 4-6 C is produced in the three springs year-round.''		''Indian Creek is modelled by NorWest to maintain relatively cold temperatures into the future. Water between 4-6 C is produced in the three springs year-round.'' See [[#Stream Temperature Data\|stream temperature data]] above for more information.

	==== Other changes in hydrology ====		==== Other changes in hydrology ====
	''Somewhat regular debris flows and landslides have occurred in the Indian Creek watershed, with a recent notable event happening in 2013 (see [[#HabitatOverview\|Habitat Overview]] section). Massive debris flows likely decrease spawning for the years following the event due to fine sediments. Debris flows also contribute substantial amounts of material to the valley bottom which may contribute to over-widening, decreased riparian vegetation, and stranding in low flow side channels. However, alluvial fans may also increase rearing habitat and provide velocity refuge during high flows. Fluctuation of the reservoir could exacerbate passage and stranding issues near the Indian Creek mouth after a large debris flow.''		''Somewhat regular debris flows and landslides have occurred in the Indian Creek watershed, with a recent notable event happening in 2013 (see [[#HabitatOverview\|Habitat Overview]] section). Massive debris flows likely decrease spawning for the years following the event due to fine sediments. Debris flows also contribute substantial amounts of material to the valley bottom which may contribute to over-widening, decreased riparian vegetation, and stranding in low flow side channels. However, alluvial fans may also increase rearing habitat and provide velocity refuge during high flows. Fluctuation of the reservoir could exacerbate passage and stranding issues near the Indian Creek mouth after a large debris flow.''

ATaylor: /* Habitat Overview */

2025-02-26T17:48:34Z

Habitat Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 26 February 2025
Line 47:		Line 47:

	==== Climate Change impact on Habitat ====		==== Climate Change impact on Habitat ====
	Indian Creek is one of the few locations in the Yakima Basin that may remain suitable for bull trout in the face of climate change.[[File:20230911 122221.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 4. A BTTF Technician sits below the barrier falls on river-right at Indian Creek]]		Indian Creek is one of the few locations in the Yakima Basin that may remain suitable for bull trout in the face of climate change. See [[#Stream Temperature Data\|stream temperature data]] below for more information.[[File:20230911 122221.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 4. A BTTF Technician sits below the barrier falls on river-right at Indian Creek]]

	=== Habitat Monitoring ===		=== Habitat Monitoring ===

ATaylor at 17:45, 26 February 2025

2025-02-26T17:45:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 26 February 2025
Line 22:		Line 22:
	''See more information under the population genetics section of [[Rimrock Lake Bull Trout Population Group\|Rimrock Reservoir Populations]] Page.''		''See more information under the population genetics section of [[Rimrock Lake Bull Trout Population Group\|Rimrock Reservoir Populations]] Page.''
	=== Population Monitoring ===		=== Population Monitoring ===
	In 1982 a snorkel survey was conducted on Indian Creek and found bull trout and cutthroat trout but no brook trout ('''Plum Creek Timber Company 1993 ~~- ANYONE HAVE THIS REFERENCE?~~'''). Shortly thereafter in 1984, exploratory spawning surveys began with complete surveys conducted since 1988. The Indian Creek bull trout population has received considerable attention since. In 1994, when Plum Creek Timber Company returned and conducted night surveys, only bull trout and whitefish were observed (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995<ref>PlumCreek, Timber Co. ''1994 Washington Bull Trout Survey Results''. 1995. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PlumCreek_1995.pdf</ref>). In work for her CWU Master’s degree, Sexauer studied life history aspects of bull trout in several Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest streams including Indian Creek, reporting on juvenile bull trout population densities ''(0.03 fish/100m)'' and habitat use (Sexauer 1994<ref name=":1">Sexauer, H. ''Life History of Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in the Eastern Cascades, Washington''. 1994. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Sexauer-1994.pdf.</ref>; James and Sexauer 1997<ref>Sexauer, Hilda, and Paul James. “Microhabitat Use by Juvenile Bull Trout in Four Streams Located in the Eastern Cascades, Washington.” ''Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings'', 1997, pp. 361–70. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Sexauer-James-1997.pdf</ref>). A CWU graduate student, Brenda James studied the feeding ecology of juvenile bull trout in the stream (James 1997<ref name=":2">James, B. B. ''The Feeding Ecology and Conservation of Juvenile Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in an Eastern Cascade Stream''. 1997. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James-1997.pdf.</ref>). Paul James (2002a<ref>James, P. W. ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University, 2002, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf.</ref>) studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Indian Creek population.		In 1982 a snorkel survey was conducted on Indian Creek and found bull trout and cutthroat trout but no brook trout ('''Plum Creek Timber Company 1993 (no digital reference)'''). Shortly thereafter in 1984, exploratory spawning surveys began with complete surveys conducted since 1988. The Indian Creek bull trout population has received considerable attention since. In 1994, when Plum Creek Timber Company returned and conducted night surveys, only bull trout and whitefish were observed (Plum Creek Timber Company 1995<ref>PlumCreek, Timber Co. ''1994 Washington Bull Trout Survey Results''. 1995. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/PlumCreek_1995.pdf</ref>). In work for her CWU Master’s degree, Sexauer studied life history aspects of bull trout in several Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest streams including Indian Creek, reporting on juvenile bull trout population densities ''(0.03 fish/100m)'' and habitat use (Sexauer 1994<ref name=":1">Sexauer, H. ''Life History of Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in the Eastern Cascades, Washington''. 1994. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Sexauer-1994.pdf.</ref>; James and Sexauer 1997<ref>Sexauer, Hilda, and Paul James. “Microhabitat Use by Juvenile Bull Trout in Four Streams Located in the Eastern Cascades, Washington.” ''Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings'', 1997, pp. 361–70. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Sexauer-James-1997.pdf</ref>). A CWU graduate student, Brenda James studied the feeding ecology of juvenile bull trout in the stream (James 1997<ref name=":2">James, B. B. ''The Feeding Ecology and Conservation of Juvenile Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, in an Eastern Cascade Stream''. 1997. Central Washington University, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James-1997.pdf.</ref>). Paul James (2002a<ref>James, P. W. ''Population Status and Life History Characteristics of Bull Trout in the Yakima River Basin''. Central Washington University, 2002, https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/James_2002a.pdf.</ref>) studied the population status and life history characteristics of the Indian Creek population.

	Polacek and James (2003<ref name=":3">Polacek, M. C., and P. W. James. “Diel Microhabitat Use of Age-0 Bull Trout in Indian Creek, Washington.” ''Ecology of Freshwater Fish'', vol. 12, no. 1, 2003, pp. 81–86, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1034/j</nowiki>. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Polacek-and-James-2003.pdf</ref>) reported that bull trout were the predominant species in the creek but brook trout were also present at much lower densities (along with cutthroat trout, mountain whitefish, and sculpin). ''In 2022 and 2023 night demographic snorkel surveys were conducted by WDFW. The species observed previously were still present but with a notable increase in brook trout density. These surveys were intended to collect baseline bull trout demographic data to inform using Indian Creek as donor stock for future bull trout reintroductions elsewhere in the Yakima Basin.''		Polacek and James (2003<ref name=":3">Polacek, M. C., and P. W. James. “Diel Microhabitat Use of Age-0 Bull Trout in Indian Creek, Washington.” ''Ecology of Freshwater Fish'', vol. 12, no. 1, 2003, pp. 81–86, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1034/j</nowiki>. https://ybfwrb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Polacek-and-James-2003.pdf</ref>) reported that bull trout were the predominant species in the creek but brook trout were also present at much lower densities (along with cutthroat trout, mountain whitefish, and sculpin). ''In 2022 and 2023 night demographic snorkel surveys were conducted by WDFW. The species observed previously were still present but with a notable increase in brook trout density. These surveys were intended to collect baseline bull trout demographic data to inform using Indian Creek as donor stock for future bull trout reintroductions elsewhere in the Yakima Basin.''
Line 47:		Line 47:

	==== Climate Change impact on Habitat ====		==== Climate Change impact on Habitat ====
	~~''THIS SECTION TO BE UPDATED AS ZAC COMPLETES TEMPERATURE MODELING''~~		Indian Creek is one of the few locations in the Yakima Basin that may remain suitable for bull trout in the face of climate change.[[File:20230911 122221.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 4. A BTTF Technician sits below the barrier falls on river-right at Indian Creek]]
	~~''<u>With new temperature data showing consistent cold water habitat in~~ Indian Creek~~, it~~ is ~~important to note~~ the ~~importance~~ of ~~this stream as a refuge as other nearby stream temperatures rise due to~~ climate change~~</u>~~. ~~(DUPLICATE FROM STREAM TEMPERATURE SECTION?)''~~[[File:20230911 122221.jpg\|thumb\|Figure 4. A BTTF Technician sits below the barrier falls on river-right at Indian Creek]]

	=== Habitat Monitoring ===		=== Habitat Monitoring ===