Deep Creek Bull Trout Population
Overview
Deep Creek is the smaller of two main tributaries to Bumping Reservoir. Deep Creek originates in the William O. Douglas Wilderness Area and the reach accessible to migratory fish is entirely within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. There is a 34 foot waterfall around 5.6 miles upstream of the confluence with Bumping Reservoir, which is the upstream extent of the adfluvial population. Downstream of the falls, it is not uncommon for the creek to experience severely diminished flows and/or complete dewatering in some reaches. Dewatering is occurring more frequently and for extended periods of time. The only significant tributary in the reach below the barrier waterfall is Copper Creek, which enters at about the halfway point (RM 2.9). Deep Creek is closed to angling year-round to protect bull trout.
Population Information
Population Distribution and Life History
Deep Creek supports a single local population of bull trout, which displays an adfluvial life history type. The spawning and rearing area for the population extends from the mouth to the waterfall with some limited spawning also taking place in the lower portion (~0.25 mile) of Copper Creek. (A bedrock cascade directly above this point is believed to be impassable.) Bumping Reservoir and the upper Bumping River, the larger of two main tributaries to Bumping Reservoir, provide FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish (BUMPING/DEEP CREEK MAP - Figure 1). Adult bull trout generally enter Deep Creek in late July to mid-August.
As mentioned above, Deep Creek adults occasionally stray into the upper Bumping River to spawn. A few bull trout redds have been observed in the upper Bumping over the years and juveniles have been observed during snorkel surveys. Genetic samples from 23 Deep Creek adults and 8 Bumping River adults collected in 2001 and 2003 revealed that fish sampled from the Bumping River were not genetically distinct from Deep Creek bull trout (Small et al. 2009). These data support the hypothesis that adults spawning in the upper Bumping River are strays from Deep Creek and indicate that the stream does not support a separate, genetically distinct population.
Natural Barriers limiting distribution
A waterfall that is a complete barrier to upstream migration exists approximately 5.6 miles above the lake at 46.7894900, -121.3281894 (Figure 2).
Population Genetics
Results of genetic analyses show this population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). Genetic samples for the baseline were collected in various sampling efforts, including from post-spawn adults during a tagging study begun in 1997 (James 2002a). The Deep Creek bull trout population may have experienced a genetic bottleneck when rotenone was applied to Bumping Reservoir in 1950 to eliminate suckers (Catostomus spp.) and Northern pikeminnow (WDFW 1991). However, "their genetic diversity was the highest in the Yakima Basin study and their effective population size was the second highest in the study, suggesting that the population recovered or was minimally impacted" (Small et. al 2009). Connectivity, and thus the potential for genetic exchange with downstream populations in the Naches River fluvial system, was eliminated by the construction of Bumping Dam in 1910.
Population Monitoring
After the 1950 rotenone application, Dolly Varden (i.e., bull trout) began to show up in WDFW creel surveys in 1953 and continued to do so until legal angling for the species was prohibited in the 1990s (WDFW file data). The first official monitoring of Bumping Reservoir’s fish assemblage appears to have been done by Mongillo and Faulconer (1982) who gillnetted the lake and captured five bull trout. A number of other salmonid species were also captured including brook trout, which continue to maintain a presence in the reservoir and stream. Exploratory spawning surveys were begun in Deep Creek in 1989 with complete surveys conducted annually since 1991.
The first Deep Creek genetic samples were collected from juvenile bull trout in 1997 with the subsequent analysis reported by Reiss (2003). James (2002a) trapped and tagged adult bull trout in Deep Creek from 1997 through 2000 while studying the population status and life history characteristics of the population. In 2000, snorkel surveys were conducted in the creek to determine the migration timing of pre-spawn adults. WDFW snorkeled and electroshocked Deep Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) continued the development of protocols, using data from streams across Washington. Peterson et al. (2005) also used these data in an attempt to understand if block nets are necessary to keep fish from fleeing the area during snorkel and electrofishing surveys.
Seventeen post-spawn bull trout were captured in 2005 and implanted with radio tags to track their movements after they returned to Bumping Reservoir (Mizell and Anderson 2008). Included in these were five implanted with archival tags to monitor preferred water temperatures and depths, but only two of these tags were recovered. All 17 of the tagged bull trout remained in Bumping Reservoir, which was of interest because, as is the case for the other storage dams in the Yakima Basin, the outlet works of Bumping Dam are unscreened. There have also been very few Deep Creek origin bull trout caught in the Bumping stilling basin during trap and haul efforts. There are competing theories as to why bull trout are entrained through the dam less often at Bumping Reservoir than the other areas. Ideas include: the lake bathymetry reduces bull trout usage of the forebay, the population has always been adfluvial, and finally, due to the fast refill rate bull trout may not volitionally entrain to avoid poor water quality during drawdown. It remains a question unanswered. It is possible for Deep Creek bull trout to become displaced downstream if entrained through Bumping Dam. About a half-mile of the Bumping River below the dam was snorkeled in 2001 and six bull trout, all greater than 12 inches in total length, were observed (Kalin and Ackerman 2002). However, none of these fish were confirmed to have originated in Bumping Reservoir. Fluvial bull trout from the Naches River populations will use the Bumping River as FMO habitat (Mizell and Anderson 2008).
The upper Bumping River has also received monitoring attention. Beginning in 1999, sporadic snorkel surveys have been conducted in the stream. No bull trout were observed by Craig (Craig 1999). Subsequent snorkel surveys (2002, 2003, 2010, and 2014) documented the presence of bull trout juveniles although not in large numbers (Reiss 2011, WDFW 2015). Exploratory spawning surveys, also sporadic, have resulted in one bull trout redd observed in 1994 and two in 2009 (Reiss 2011). In six other years none were found and none of the fish tracked by Mizell and Anderson (2008) entered the upper Bumping River.
The bull trout population in Deep Creek is being considered as a donor stock for a reintroduction program led by The Yakama Nation. In an attempt to understand population demographics prior to translocation, WDFW and Mid-Columbia Fisheries completed night time snorkel surveys on one night in 2022 and two nights in 2023. Bull trout, brook trout, sculpin and westslope cutthroat trout were observed. Of the five bull trout streams studied in the Yakima Basin with the same methods, Deep Creek had the second highest density of bull trout.
Redd Surveys
The spawning period for the Deep Creek population begins earlier than any other local population in the Yakima Basin. Spawning begins in late August is usually completed by mid-September. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted on Deep Creek since 1991. These surveys cover the entire length of the mainstem spawning area (see above) and approximately the lower quarter-mile of Copper Creek. The extensive spring complex adjacent to the mainstem is also surveyed, as it has become a more important spawning area since the extent of dewatering has increased.
Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.)
Population Status and Trend
The USFWS (1998) considered the Deep Creek population to be depressed, decreasing, and at risk of stochastic extirpation. The WDFW rates the status of this stock as depressed (WDFW 2004). When the 2012 Bull Trout Action Plan was written, the authors suggested that both of these ratings warrant reconsideration, however as of 2025 the population is declining again.
Redd counts over the period of record have been highly variable. Between 2006 and 2012, there was a steadily increasing trend where the previous long term average of 84 redds more than doubled to 169. Over 190 redds were observed in 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3). After high levels of spawning in 2010 and 2011, the redd counts decreased to 22 redds in 2015, the lowest count since 1994. 2015 was an extreme drought year in the Yakima River Basin. Redd counts slowly climbed again to around the long-term average of 90 redds. In 2024 counts decreased again.
An extrapolation from the data is the effect dry years, and thus the occurrence of reach dewatering, have on this population’s reproductive success. The effect is evident in the redd counts obtained during particularly dry years (e.g., 1993, 1994, 1996, 2001, 2003, and 2005, 2015, and 2024) when the number of redds observed ranged from 12 to 73. In contrast, 2007-2012 were good-to-excellent water years in the Yakima Basin. The timing and extent of dewatering in drought years seems to be increasing, which prohibits fish passage to the upper part of stream, strands and kills juvenile bull trout, and limits overall available spawning habitat by close to 50%. The majority of the spawning has transitioned to occur below the dewatering areas in dry years, however a few redds are usually found below the barrier falls which are likely from early-migrating fish. See the section below for more details.
Habitat
Habitat Overview
Deep Creek ranges in elevation from 3,435 feet at its mouth to 3,840 feet at the barrier waterfall. This reach is entirely within the National Forest with the primary land use being recreation, mostly hiking and horseback riding. The Bumping River Valley, including Deep Creek has never been commercially logged, which is evident when walking through old growth cedar, hemlock, and fir trees that line the banks of the creek. Some of this old growth has been recruited to the stream and supports massive log jams and overall great habitat complexity. There are several dispersed campsites in the drainage. These are close to the two roads in the watershed but only a couple of them are close to the creek’s banks; most are located on elevated terraces well away from the channel. One of the two roads (FS 1800) is not near Deep Creek until it crosses it about a mile above Bumping Reservoir. A new bridge was constructed in 2011 to replace two perched culverts that were a barrier to juvenile fish passage under certain flow conditions. There were also habitat impacts from dispersed camping at this site. The passage problem has been remedied; it remains to be seen if the camping impact resurfaces but for the time being the area has been restored. The other road (FS 1808) runs adjacent but not in close proximity to Deep Creek for several miles. This road used to cross the stream over a problematic undersized culvert about a half-mile below the upstream barrier before a flood in 2006 washed it out. A new bridge was constructed at this site in 2011 and the road continues on the other side of the creek. Overall, habitat conditions in Deep Creek are good to excellent for all rating parameters. There is abundant LWD, a low percentage of fine sediments, abundant spawning gravels, a healthy riparian corridor, and excellent water quality (USFS 2006a). Although technically Deep Creek did not meet Forest Plan standards for pool frequency, the percentage of the stream classified as pool habitat was large (44%) so this standard is somewhat deceiving. In recent low-water years, filamentous algae has been widespread.
Undoubtedly the most significant habitat issue in Deep Creek is the dewatering mentioned in the paragraph introducing this population. Between the FS 1800 bridge (RM 0.9) and the Copper Creek confluence (RM 2.6), it is not uncommon, even in years that are just moderately dry, for a portion of Deep Creek to experience severely diminished flows and/or complete dewatering during the late summer. The dewatering is typically first observed about a half-mile above the bridge and can extend almost a mile, often continuous. This is a low-energy reach with a broad floodplain to the east. The west side of the valley is controlled by a steep talus slope preventing the lateral movement of the stream and contributing loose substrate. Subsurface flow appears to move laterally to the east; potentially contributing to an extensive groundwater spring complex that flows through thick forest. This complex is heavily utilized by spawning bull trout and provides several cfs of flow to the mainstem river at its downstream end. The confluence is about 0.3 miles upstream of the 1800 bridge. The spring complex is made of up of several channels and consists of about 1.6 miles of accessible spawning habitat. Adjacent to the spring complex, the mainstem can have little to zero flow during the spawning season. The upstream end of the spring complex does not connect back to the mainstem. It is likely that fish are forced to spawn in the springs when the mainstem becomes too low for fish passage during drought years. In addition to the dewatering below the Copper Creek confluence, there is another stretch of Deep Creek that dewaters above the Copper Creek confluence. It is typical to walk 1+ miles of dry stream bed with isolated pools and patches of water during fall redd surveys.
FMO habitat for the Deep Creek bull trout population is in Bumping Reservoir. Neither the sparse shoreline development or water sports activities on the lake are believed to influence habitat quality. Bumping Reservoir is the smallest storage reservoir in the Yakima Basin and does experience extreme drawdown in the summer (avg. 80%). A 14,000 acre-foot pool (i.e., dead storage), however, cannot be accessed. As a result, Bumping Reservoir, which has the highest refill ratio in the basin, recovers quickly when irrigation releases cease. The effects of reservoir depletion on FMO habitat quality and quantity are unknown but not believed to be significant.
Habitat Monitoring
Field Habitat Surveys
Banish (2003) measured bull trout microhabitat and mesohabitat in 10 Eastern Washington and Oregon streams. He conducted day and night snorkeling in Copper Creek, a tributary of Deep Creek. He pooled his data, however, and did not report results for individual streams.
USBR examined Bumping Reservoir limnology from 1998-2001, and data are reported in Ackerman et al (2002). Lieberman and Grabowski (2007) conducted limnological studies in Bumping Reservoir from 2003-2005. They concluded that zooplankton densities may limit the lake’s capacity to support resident fish as well as introduced salmonids and suggested the nutrient enrichment may be one method to increase both algal and zooplankton production.
The Forest Service completed habitat surveys on Deep Creek in 1993 (4.9 miles) and again in 2005 using Hankin and Reeves protocol (Hankin and Reeves 1988; USFS 2006a). The upper Bumping River was surveyed in 1994-95 (9.5 miles) and 2003 (10.0 miles) (USFS 2003a). In all of these surveys, data was collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature.
Stream Temperature Data
Deep Creek at the 1800 Road crossing was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed during the summer low flow period in 9 out of 10 years from 1996-2005 (USFS 2011a). A thermograph was deployed on the upper Bumping River in 1996 and again from 2000-2004. Temperature data between 2005 and 2024 is a monitoring gap. In 2024, the Bull Trout Task Force implemented temperature loggers in all the spawning indices in Deep Creek. This work is expected to be ongoing as long as funding allows.
Restoration Actions
Flooding in 2006 damaged Forest Service Roads 1800 and 1808 where Deep Creek flowed through culverts. Both culverts were considered impediments to upstream passage of juvenile fish at some flows although adults passed upstream through both culverts. A number of documents and emails have been written regarding the replacement/repair of these culverts and roads (Gonzales 2007; Krupka 2007; McCoy 2008). Both culverts were replaced with bridges in 2011.
Mid-Columbia Fisheries Bull Trout Task Force has performed fish rescues at Deep Creek in 2023 and 2024, relocating stranded YOY and juvenile bull trout from dewatering pools to an area downstream with perennial flow. Around 450 bull trout were rescued over two years. The BTTF intends to continue monitoring the dewatering and perform fish rescues as needed. Stranded fish provide another opportunity for rescue-and-rear by the Yakama Nation, but permits have yet to include Deep Creek as a potential source of donor stock.
Threats
Connectivity
Fish Passage Barriers
Threat Severity: Significant
Bumping Dam is a complete passage barrier to Naches fluvial bull trout, and to entrained Deep Creek bull trout. The dam has likely eliminated metapopulation dynamics and exacerbated the genetic bottleneck induced by rotenone application to Bumping Reservoir in 1950. Dewatering in Deep Creek is an increasingly serious threat to this population. WDFW and the Bull Trout Task Force are attempting to monitor the dewatering and conduct fish rescues as needed. See the Habitat Overview section above for more information.
Entrainment
Threat Severity: Unknown
USFWS has attempted to capture Bull Trout below Bumping Dam on several occasions, however the catch has been limited during the summer months, either due to limited entrainment or sub-optimal temperatures. In July 2020, one Deep Creek origin fish was captured below Bumping Dam. None were captured between 2020 and 2024. In fall of 2024 the USFWS captured seven bull trout in the stilling basin below Bumping Dam after water temperatures dropped. Of those seven fish, two were Deep Creek origin, and five were American River / Union Creek origin.
Of the 17 bull trout that were captured in Deep Creek and radio tracked in 2005, none of them became entrained through Bumping Dam (Mizell and Anderson 2008).
Dewatering due to flow management
Threat Severity: Unknown
At times, the mouth of Deep Creek can become impassable when the reservoir levels are low. This occurred in 2015 but it does not occur every year. The configuration of the stream channel and wood load could impact passage.
Land-use Issues
Forestry
Threat Severity: Insignificant
There has never been commercial logging in the vicinity of Deep Creek
Agriculture and Grazing
Threat Severity: Insignificant
There is no agriculture or grazing in the vicinity of Deep Creek.
Recreation
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely insignificant
Most of the recreation that happens near Deep Creek is hiking or horseback riding. In the winter there is a cross country ski and snowshoe trail system in the area. The few dispersed camping sites do not seem to be impacting fish habitat.
Roads and Development
Threat Severity: Insignificant
There are few roads in the watershed. Problem culverts were addressed in 2011.
Mining
Threat Severity: Insignificant
Although mining was a huge draw for white settlement in the Bumping River valley with claims for copper, gold, and silver in the area, there are no active mining operations.
Other
The indigenous community used to implement cultural burns to improve huckleberry habitat in the vicinity of Deep Creek, particularly along the USFS 1800 roadside. With widespread fire suppression in the early 1900s, these burns were eliminated. Now the area along road 1800 is a monoculture of lodgepole pines. These trees may increase fire danger.
Ecological Interactions
Brook Trout
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant
Brook Trout have been observed in Deep Creek and Bumping Reservoir since the earliest population and habitat surveys. Recent demographic surveys have shown the density of brook trout is similar to the density of bull trout (Kline 2025). A large dead fish was reported by a Bumping Reservoir local near the mouth of deep creek. Subsequent analysis showed it to be a bull x brook hybrid (Marc Divens, personal comm.) There has been a lack of genetic tissue collection since the initial study done in 2003, however the BTTF intends to start collecting genetic tissue during fish rescue in the future. The rate of introgression is unknown, but habitat is shared and there is obvious competition for resources.
Other Invasive Species
Threat Severity: Insignificant
No other invasive species have been documented.
Diminished Prey Base
Threat Severity: Unknown, likely significant
Loss of anadromous fish production in the area due to the construction of Bumping Dam is likely influencing productivity in Deep Creek and in Bumping Reservoir. Ackerman et al. (2002) concluded that zooplankton densities may limit the lake’s capacity to support resident fish and suggested nutrient enhancement as an option.
Disease
Threat Severity: Unknown
In recent years, Bull Trout Task Force technicians have started to notice a pattern of juvenile bull trout and brook trout with atypical pigment. Fishes are observed to have black or darkened patches primarily near the caudal peduncle and caudal fin, and sometimes the head. In these fishes, there is often a lack of pigmentation in the center of the fish, between the pectoral fins and the anal fins. The cause is unknown and they hope to take a sample to USFWS pathologists in 2025. If this is a disease, it will be important to monitor the effects, discuss mitigation, and make sure all gear is decontaminated upon leaving Deep Creek.
Water Quantity and Quality
Flow issues/dewatering
Threat Severity: Significant
In dry years, Deep Creek experiences natural dewatering which can impact fish passage, limit spawning, and strand and kill juvenile bull trout. Adult bull trout have not been observed stranded, but there have been many observations of bull trout predation by otters in the vicinity during redd surveys. See more about the dewatering in the Habitat Overview section above.
Current and modeled future temperature conditions
Threat Severity: Unknown, Likely Insignificant
Five years of temperature monitoring in the early 2000s at the USFS 1800 road bridge showed mean August temperatures less than 10 C. Monitoring at the same location in 2024 also showed a mean August temperature less than 10 C. The spring complex mentioned in the habitat overview above is contributing cold ground-water to Deep Creek downstream of its confluence. Upstream monitoring locations were warmer in 2024, a drought year, with the highest temperatures occurring in the dewatering reach upstream of the Copper Creek confluence as the water levels decreased (Figure 4). The NorWeST Stream Temperature model predicts the entirety to remain less than 15 C into 2080, making it a valuable climate refuge for bull trout. However, dewatering is influencing water temperature in some reaches.
Other changes in hydrology
The Deep Creek channel migrates from time to time within the valley bottom. The mainstem may be affected by dewatering differently depending on where it is at.
Fisheries Impacts
Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching (Recreational)
Threat Severity: Unknown
Bull trout are encountered by anglers in Bumping Lake. There have been three reports of bull trout on the FishBrain app since 2016, with two of them occurring in 2023-2024. A bull trout was harvested, photographed, and posted in a local Facebook group in 2024 (law enforcement was notified). Although Deep Creek is closed to fishing and there have been no reports of people angling there, it is well known among local anglers where the fish stage in the lake prior to spawning. Education and outreach is a priority for the Bull Trout Task Force at Bumping Lake boat launch and recreation area. The extent of unintentional capture or poaching is unknown.
Management/Monitoring (Research)
Threat Severity: Insignificant
There are no ongoing management actions in Bumping Lake or Deep Creek aside from annual redd surveys. USFWS has been attempting trap and haul at Bumping Dam, but very few bull trout have been handled. A submersible PIT antenna is slated for install in 2025.
Other Threats
Low Population Resiliency
Other
Summary of Primary Limiting Factors and Threats
The highest severity threat to this population is the natural dewatering that is occurring in over 2 miles of Deep Creek during average-to-low snowpack years. Juvenile fish are stranded and die, while adult bull trout cannot pass to the upper portion of the river for spawning. The early spawning run (compared to other Yakima Basin populations) means that Deep Creek bull trout are likely done spawning by the time fall freshet rains re-connect the habitat. The next highest threat to the population is Bumping Dam, which is a complete barrier to passage and isolates this population from the Naches River fluvial populations. Entrainment through the dam may also reduce population productivity, as individuals are lost from the population. Other threats to this population include angling in Bumping Reservoir, introgression with brook trout, and lack of anadromous prey base and marine derived nutrients. Emerging threats that have yet to be investigated include a potential disease (see Disease section above) and water quality issues related to widespread filamentous algae. A potential threat that is not rated here, but could have a very significant impact on this population, is the proposal in the Yakima Basin Integrated Water Resource Plan (Ecology 2012) to expand the storage capacity of Bumping Reservoir. This would elevate the threat of limited habitat by inundating .75 miles of spawning and rearing habitat and also potentially exacerbate the effect of dewatering.
While forest management issues, the potential for low abundance (large annual fluctuations in abundance), and recreation are all present in the population area, they are not considered significant threats. Agriculture, altered flows, development, grazing, limited extent of habitat, transportation issues, and mining are not present in this population area. Stream temperature is relatively cold and stable, making this an important climate refuge for bull trout.
Recovery Strategy
Population-level Recovery Strategy
This population has been identified as a “Protection” population with a priority for continuation of population monitoring but with limited restoration actions recommended. The highest priority action is passage at Bumping Dam. With the threat of dewatering becoming more critical than ever, monitoring the timing and extent of dewatering is important. Fish rescues should be prioritized until a potential restoration action or high flow event mitigates dewatering effects. Bumping Reservoir is a popular fishing location; a priority recommended action is outreach to educate anglers and recreationists, and better understand the extent of illegal harvest of bull trout. Brook trout introgression has been documented in this population and should be monitored with future genetic sampling, but no specific brook trout removal actions are recommended at this time. There is currently a proposal to expand the capacity of Bumping Reservoir by 170,000 acre-feet, which would inundate the lower portion of Deep Creek. It will be critical to ensure that the proposed reservoir expansion does not compromise the viability of the Deep Creek population.
Monitoring Needs/Key Questions
Actions
Future link/ iframe to PowerApp will go in this section.
Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions
- Culverts (partial passage barriers) on forest roads 1800 and 1808 were replaced with bridges in 2011.
- Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in Deep Creek (see Appendix F in 2012 Bull Trout Action Plan).
Recommended Actions
Relevant Multiple Population Actions
- Multiple Populations #1: Outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).
- Multiple Populations #2: Continue redd surveys within the established index areas to monitor long-term abundance trends.
- Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring.
- Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.
- Multiple Populations #7: Continue to screen all collected genetic samples for evidence of genetic introgression with brook trout.
- Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams.
Deep Creek Actions
- Deep Creek #1: Provide connectivity at Bumping Dam
- Deep Creek #2: Monitor and address passage across the reservoir bed
- Deep Creek #3: Monitor and Evaluate upstream dewatering in Deep Creek
- Deep Creek #4: Habitat Actions in Deep Creek and other Tributaries
- Deep Creek #5: Use of Deep Creek Bull Trout as Donor Stock for Reintroduction
- Deep Creek #6: PIT Tag study
- Deep Creek #7: Evaluate Impacts to Bull Trout From Proposed Bumping Reservoir Expansion
- Deep Creek #8: Assess Potential Disease in Deep Creek Bull Trout
- Deep Creek #9: Improve Flow and Temperature Monitoring
Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population
None
Update Notes
2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in April 2025 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark
Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, Aimee Taylor and a small group of volunteers. Reviewed, and updated and approved by BTWG in June 2025
Specific detail on out of cycle updates: