South Fork Tieton Bull Trout Population
Overview
The South Fork Tieton River population is one of three populations in the Rimrock Population Group. South Fork Tieton River is the largest tributary of Rimrock Lake, entering the reservoir from the south at its eastern end. Prior to impoundment the South Fork joined the North Fork in McAllister Meadows to form the mainstem Tieton River. The South Fork Tieton River originates in the Goat Rocks Wilderness Area, and most of the stream is contained within the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. A waterfall 14.2 miles upstream of the reservoir presents an impassable barrier for migratory fish. Numerous small tributary streams enter the South Fork Tieton River below this waterfall, including Bear, Short and Dirty, Grey, Spruce, and Corral creeks. Bear Creek, which enters the stream 1.6 mile below the barrier falls, is the largest of these. South Fork Tieton River is closed to fishing year-round to protect Bull Trout.
Population Information
Population Distribution and Life History
The South Fork Tieton River supports a single local population of bull trout, which displays an adfluvial life history type. The known spawning area for this population is located entirely within the National Forest, extending from about RM 5.0 to the barrier waterfall in the main stem (Figure 1). Some spawning also occurs in Bear Creek and Spruce Creek.
Juvenile bull trout primarily rear within the spawning area and have also been found in several of the creeks in which spawning activity has not been documented. Rimrock Lake provides FMO habitat for subadult and adult fish. It appears that adult bull trout enter the South Fork Tieton River prior to spawning earlier than other populations in the Yakima Basin. A copy of a local angler’s fishing journal provided to Eric Anderson documented his catch from 1987-1994 and included bull trout caught in June. Snorkel surveys in 2000 to document spawning migration timing found adult bull trout moving into the river in late July (James 2002a).
The USFWS routinely encounters South Fork Tieton River origin fish at the base of Clear Creek Dam on the North Fork Tieton River during trap and haul work. Since 2015, 48 of 268 (18.0 %) bull trout collected there were identified as South Fork Tieton River origin fish.
Natural Barriers limiting distribution
A 30 foot waterfall near RM 14, South Fork Falls, is an impassable barrier to migrating adfluvial Bull Trout. Barrier falls also occur on Bear Creek (near RM 0.6).
Population Genetics
Results of genetic analyses show that this population is genetically distinct from all other populations in the Yakima Basin including the other adfluvial populations residing in Rimrock Lake to which it is physically connected (Indian Creek and North Fork Tieton River). All genetic samples were collected from post-spawn adults captured in 1996 and 2000 in a box trap deployed in the river. The population did cluster with the other Naches River fluvial populations, indicating some degree of gene flow (Reiss 2003; Small et al. 2009). This likely reflects a pre-dam exchange of genetic material and a more recent one-way genetic contribution from entrained fish.
See more information under population genetics section of Rimrock Lake Populations Page
Population Monitoring
WDFW began exploratory spawning surveys in the South Fork Tieton River in 1990 with a mainstem index area established and complete surveys started in 1994. Bear Creek was included in the survey after WDFW found numerous bull trout in the lower end of Bear Creek during electroshocking surveys that same year. Short and Dirty Creek was also electrofished in 1994, and juvenile bull trout were observed (Anderson 1994). In 1993 the Forest Service captured juvenile bull trout in minnow traps in several South Fork Tieton tributaries (Milk, Bear, Spruce and Corral creeks) (USFS 1993b). Sexauer (1994) estimated juvenile bull trout population density and derived length frequencies for both juveniles and adults in the South Fork Tieton River in 1992. The author also studied life history aspects of the species in the river and documented habitat use. James (2002a) trapped and tagged bull trout annually from 1995-2000 and conducted snorkel surveys in 1992, 1996, and 2000 while studying the population status and life history characteristics of the South Fork Tieton population. WDFW snorkeled and electroshocked Bear Creek in 2003 as part of a project to develop a bull trout presence/absence sampling protocol (Hoffman et al. 2005). Larsen et al. (2003) examined these data in more detail, and Peterson et al. (2005) provided final analysis.
Entrainment of South Fork Tieton bull trout through Tieton Dam has been documented. Thirty-seven bull trout were collected from the stilling basin during a fish salvage effort in 2005 and the subsequent analysis of genetic samples taken from these fish revealed eight bull trout assigned to the South Fork Tieton River population (Small et al. 2009). Two fish collected from the Tieton Dam stilling basin in July 2020 (Haskell et al 2021) were both assigned to the South Fork Tieton River population but no other bull trout have been collected there despite repeated attempts. The deep turbulent stilling basin makes fish collection difficult.
In 2018, 2019, 2022 and 2023 WDFW performed night snorkel demographic surveys to get baseline information to inform using South Fork Tieton River as donor stock for bull trout reintroductions elsewhere in the Yakima Basin. Adult, juvenile, and young-of-year bull trout were observed. No brook trout were observed, and cutthroat were the most abundant species followed by bull trout and sculpin.
The USFWS has PIT antennas located in the South Fork Tieton River 0.25 miles upstream of its mouth at Rimrock Lake and another about 5 miles upstream of the mouth at the USFS Bakeoven Campground. Both sites have operated since 2013, generally from May - November as snow and available sunlight to power the antennas limit the operation period. Most of the fish interrogated are tagged through the USFWS trap and haul program at Clear Creek Dam.
Redd Surveys
The spawning period for the South Fork Tieton River population occurs primarily during the month of September but can extend through mid-October. Complete bull trout redd surveys have been conducted in an index area on the South Fork Tieton River since 1994. This index area begins at river mile 8.4 in an area locally referred to as “Blue Slide” and extends 5.8 miles upstream to the barrier waterfall. Additional exploratory surveys were done for many non-consecutive years in the 3.5 miles directly below the mainstem index area, including some tributaries. In some years, as many as 30 additional redds were noted but not made part of the final count to keep year-to-year comparisons consistent. However, in 2018 an index from USFS Bakeoven Campground up to "Blue Slide" including Spruce Creek was solidified, and final counts from 2018 - present have included redds in this index. On average, this newer index is only surveyed once after peak spawning is thought to be over, as opposed to the three passes on other indexes. Many years, especially over the last decade, additional surveying has been done in a 3.5-mile reach directly below the mainstem index area with as many as 30 additional redds found. Despite these observations there are currently no plans to expand the South Fork Tieton River index area to include this reach. To do so would make population trend comparisons across all years difficult. The redd counts presented below in Figure 2 do not include redds observed in this additional reach.
Also included in the annual survey is 0.6 mile of Bear Creek from the mouth to an impassable barrier. This creek annually hosts large numbers of spawners despite its relatively small size and limited accessible length. In some recent years, there has been a impassable debris jam on Bear creek around RM 0.3, further reducing the extent of spawning habitat and diminishing redd counts.
Excluding 1995 (an incomplete survey year), an average of 163 redds have been counted annually. Some years, high flows and/or turbidity impact survey efforts.
Other Distribution Data (eDNA, etc.)
-any info from above falls?
Population Status and Trend
The USFWS (1998) did not consider the South Fork Tieton River population singularly. The agency considered the Rimrock “subpopulation” to be stable and increasing. WDFW similarly lumped the Rimrock adfluvial populations and rated the status of this stock as healthy (WDFW 2004). However, the effective population size is low (Small et. al 2009). Any new info from species status assessment?
The South Fork Tieton River population has been the most stable bull trout population over time in the Yakima Basin and is currently considered the strongest in terms of abundance. <-- ??. Despite some years with average and above average redd counts, spawning appears to be trending downward since the original Yakima Bull Trout Action plan was published in 2012. Redd counts from 2020-2022 were consecutively low and only 88 redds were counted in 2024, the lowest number since complete surveys began in 1996.
Although annual redd counts are relatively high when compared to other populations in the Yakima Basin, bull trout densities in South Fork Tieton are low. Densities are comparable to Box Canyon Creek but lower than Kachess River, Indian Creek, and Deep Creek (Kline, 2024 personal comm). It is important to note that only 3.5% of the total available habitat in South Fork Tieton was surveyed, whereas a higher percentage of available habitat was surveyed in the other streams mentioned above. More survey effort is needed to identify long-term trends for this population.
(Insert graph of redd counts; ideally via live link)
Habitat
Habitat Overview
South Fork Tieton River elevations range from 2,900 feet at the mouth to 3,850 feet at the base of the impassable waterfall located just over 14 miles upstream. As mentioned previously this entire reach is located in the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. The primary land use activities in the watershed are recreation and livestock grazing.
Despite recreation, grazing, forest health, and passage issues described below in the Threats section, spawning and rearing habitat conditions in the six miles below the barrier falls are considered very good. Channel and riparian condition, LWD, pool frequency and quality, and water temperatures all rated high in a 2001 report of habitat limiting factors in the Yakima River Basin (Haring 2001) . More recent temperature monitoring across the entire migratory shows unfavorable temperatures
The river appears to receive considerable sediment input from various sources, particularly in the area known as “Blue Slide” (RM 8.4), which is a natural landform.
Climate Change impact on Habitat - add section?
From David: I suggest we add a paragraph describing the anticipated changes to habitat in the coming decades.
For example in the SSA, cumulative distance of streams with mean August stream temperatures ≤13⁰C for each core area was analyzed, following Dunham et al 2004 and Isaak 2015. Can we use NorWest/Climate shield data to do this at the local population scale? Is this too heavy a lift?
Extent of available spawning and rearing habitat
Check above under overview of population distribution and life history? Pull down description or remove this sub heading
Habitat Monitoring
Sexauer (1994) surveyed habitat use by juvenile and pre-spawning adult bull trout. Thomas (2001) assessed the potential impact of the waterfall at the confluence with Rimrock Lake on bull trout passage. Two glaciers, Mead and Conrad, are in the headwaters of South Fork Tieton River. USGS (Josberger et al. 2007) have photographic evidence and density measurement showing that Conrad Glacier is receding. Flows may decrease as these glaciers recede.
Mongillo (1982) measured water quality parameters and zooplankton densities for Rimrock Lake.
The Forest Service and the Yakama Nation Timber Fish & Wildlife Program (TFW) have worked cooperatively to maintain a long-term data set of sediment monitoring data in the South Fork Tieton River (Matthews 2011). There are three reaches that have been sampled every year from 1999 to present. Is this still ongoing? This monitoring effort demonstrates an overall relatively high level of fine sediments in the substrate within the spawning reach (~12-14%), which would qualify as “functioning at risk” (USFWS 1999) and may indicate a need to address sediment sources in the drainage.
Field Habitat Surveys
The Forest Service completed habitat surveys on the South Fork Tieton River in 1991 (15.8 miles) and again in 2000 (6.0 miles) using Hankin and Reeves protocol (USFS 2003c). Bear Creek and other associated tributaries were surveyed between 1991-1998. In all of these surveys, data were collected on pool/riffle frequency, riparian and channel condition, substrate, LWD, and temperature.
In 2024, Yakama Nation conducted at USFS Level 2 stream inventory (minus the fish and biological data) measuring physical characteristics. Metrics included channel unit designation, pool/riffle dimensions, side channels, LWD, etc. The survey extent was from Rimrock reservoir up to the base of South Fork Tieton Falls. Jonny Lambert, YN habitat biologist, noted that habitat was "excellent" from Blue Slide to 1050 rd. while habitat near Lower Bakeoven campground area "did not look to be in the best condition"
Stream Temperature Data
The South Fork Tieton River was monitored for temperature via thermographs deployed at three sites on the mainstem during the summer low flow period in the majority of years from 1995-2007 (USFS 2011a). Other thermographs were deployed in associated tributaries, including Bear Creek during that same time period, primarily in 1995. There was a monitoring gap in temperature data from 2007 - 2019. The USFWS has continuously monitored water temperature at its lower South Fork Tieton River antenna site since 2023 and at its upper site since 2019. In 2023 USFS monitored temperatures in Grey Creek and Spruce Creek, tributaries to South Fork Tieton River. In 2024 Mid-Columbia Fisheries deployed temperature loggers in all the Bull Trout spawning indexes including Bear Creek.
Other Habitat Data/Monitoring
Anything to put here? Keep this sub-heading?
Threats
Connectivity
Fish Passage Barriers (Check/update FDSI)
THE CONSTRUCTION OF TIETON DAM IN 19?? DISRUPTED THE PREVIOUS FLUCIAL LIFE HISTORY, in which fish from the SF Tieton are presumed to have made estensive use of the Tieton River downstream of the dam as well as the Naches, and potentially, Yakima Rivers. The issues related to Tieton Dam are addressed in the Rimrock FMO Section.
The issue is one of habitat access and was created when a bridge on Forest Service Road 1200 was constructed years ago. The natural channel of the river was relocated to flow under the bridge through a notch blasted out of bedrock. A waterfall begins to form at this location when the reservoir is drafted below 131,000 acre-feet. It is believed to become impassable for bull trout attempting to migrate upstream when the pool volume drops below 127,000 acre-feet (Thomas 2001). An informal agreement is in place with the USBR to maintain at least this minimum pool through August 10 of each year, the date Yakima basin biologists agree bull trout have likely concluded their spawning migration into the South Fork Tieton River. Under current operations heavy drafting of Rimrock Lake does not begin until early September and the reservoir has held more than 127,000 acre-feet on August 10 (average 177,155) for the 32 years since modern-day operations (i.e., flip-flop) were initiated in 1981. Previous to this at least part of the spawning migration may have been blocked from entering the South Fork Tieton; should a proposal to change current reservoir operations occur in the future it could resurface as an issue. Yakima County is leading the effort to address the FS Rd.1200 bridge issues for protection of bull trout and for operational flexibility. Construction is planned for 2025 to return the South Fork Tieton River to its natural channel, which will do away with the seasonal waterfall, but also remove the August 10th restriction on pool level.
Significant
Entrainment (Dams? Irrigation Diversions?)
The issues related to entrainment at Tieton Dam are addressed in the Rimrock FMO Section.
Unknown Significant
Dewatering due to flow management
ADD INFO ON YEAR TO YEAR VARIATION IN TIMING AND EXTEND OF CHANNEL across reservoir bed...
Not present
Other?
Land-use Issues
Forestry
Timber harvest has been heavy in the past but is now limited. However, the associated roads remain and road density in the watershed is relatively high. Except at crossings these roads are generally not close to the river, but a relatively high percentage of them (30%) are within high erosion hazard landforms (Haring 2001). Forest health in the South Fork Tieton watershed is a definite concern. A growing fear is that extensive beetle kill combined with high tree density could fuel a catastrophic wildfire. DISUCSS TIETON FOREST RESTORATION PROJECT THAT IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT?
Unknown
Agriculture and Grazing
The USFS's ??? grazing allotment covers much of the watershed- ADD DETAIL. In addition, a ?? acre private inholding upstream of the barrier falls in Conrad Meadows is actively managed as pasture. Livestock grazing (and direct access to the river) has also impacted bank stability and riparian condition, most likely to a greater extent than recreation, as it has been more widespread. While significant measures have been recently implemented to address grazing impacts DETAIL, they are an ongoing issue.
Unknown Significant
Recreation
Bank erosion and riparian damage has occurred in areas where two established campgrounds and scattered dispersed campsites are located. These same impacts have resulted from off-road vehicle use near the stream. The Forest Service has actively addressed these issues over the last decade. Replace with: did some work to address these issues in the early 2000s.
Unknown Significant
Roads and Development
Add info on crossings; reference road issues noted in connectivity and forestry sections
Not Present
Mining
Confirm absence of any significant mining activity.
Not Present
Other
Ecological Interactions
Brook Trout
Unknown Can't remember if brook trout were observed in 2022-2023 snorkel surveys
Other Invasive Species
Diminished Prey Base
Unknown
Disease
Water Quantity and Quality
Flow issues/dewatering
Current and modeled future temperature conditions
(iFrame of NORWEST results?) Quick analysis of trends since USFWS started monitoring?
Other changes in hydrology
Fisheries Impacts
Angling Regulations/Fisheries Use/Poaching
Unknown Significant
Fisheries Management/Monitoring
Other Threats
Low Population Resiliency
Other
Summary of Primary Limiting Factors
(Look at threat summary table format and Teanaway example)
Tied to stuff from SSA
Similar to the Indian Creek population, several of the highest severity threats to the South Fork Tieton population result from the presence of Tieton Dam are (passage barriers, entrainment, and prey base). The dam precludes upstream gene flow from Naches River fluvial populations, entrains adult and subadult fish through the outlet works, and has eliminated anadromous fish access to the South Fork Tieton River. Other high and medium severity threats include illegal angling in Rimrock Lake, potential introgression with brook trout, recreation activities (campsites adjacent to spawning areas), extensive forest health issues (forest management), and grazing. There is a grazing allotment within the spawning and rearing area but an agreement stipulates that cattle are to be excluded during the spawning period. < --- Is this still accurate?? However, cows were observed in Bear Creek in 2011 during spawning, which may constitute a significant threat. Agriculture, altered flows, development, dewatering, limited extent of habitat, transportation, and mining are not threats present for this population.
Recovery Strategy
Population-level Recovery Strategy
(High-level discussion of priority needs)
** Old Narrative from 2012
This population has been identified as a “Protection” population with a priority for continuation of population monitoring but with limited immediate restoration actions recommended. The highest priority actions involved improving passage conditions, both at a metapopulation scale (i.e., passage at Tieton Dam) and at a local population scale (i.e., relocate river to natural mouth). Other recommended actions include outreach to document angling pressures and educate anglers, closing streamside campsites along the spawning and rearing reaches, implementing Forest Service Dry Forest Restoration Strategy, addressing problem roads, and ensuring that cattle are excluded during the spawning period. Brook trout introgression should continue to be monitored as genetic samples are taken. No specific brook trout removal efforts are recommended at this time. Implementing carcass analog placement to address lack of marine derived nutrients will likely only happen after a successful pilot study is implemented elsewhere in the basin, and the measure is deemed necessary. The reservoir contains a healthy population of reproducing kokanee salmon providing an abundant food source for South Fork Tieton River bull trout. Is this still accurate / documented? 2024 drought year caused major Kokanee entrainment and mortality. What impacts are there?
Passage is critical to the long-term genetic health of the population. Fish passage planning at Clear Creek Dam is complete and construction of a new fish ladder and cool water intake pipe will occur from 2025 - 2027. Planning for two-way fish passage at Tieton Dam is underway with design completion expected by 2027.
Monitoring Needs/Key Questions
Evaluate feasibility and impacts of SFT as donor stock
Actions
Completed Bull Trout Recovery Actions
(Mix of narrative and table, or could be a database
- Tieton Allotment Management Plan (USFS 2006c) changed regulations to not allow grazing after August 15 in pastures adjacent to the South Fork Tieton River.
- As of 2010 the number of permitted livestock was reduced (prior to August 15) from 398 cow/calf pairs to 248 cow/calf pairs.
- Fencing (300 feet total) was constructed along South Fork Tieton River in 2002 and 2003 at a dispersed campsite and at Minnie Meadows Campground, protecting four acres of riparian habitat.
- Fencing (600 feet) was constructed in 2009 along lower Corral Creek protecting two acres of riparian habitat and eliminating motorized access.
- A Forest Service watershed restoration project in 2010 decommissioned 1.1 miles of system roads, decommissioned 0.3 miles of unauthorized jeep road, removed 4 impassible stream culverts on minor tributaries of South Fork Tieton River, and closed 2 jeep trail fords in bull trout spawning habitat (lower Spruce Creek and South Fork Tieton River at Grey Creek Campground)
- Fishing regulations have been implemented to protect bull trout in South Fork Tieton River (see Appendix F).
Recommended Actions
(Link to or summarize BTAP database) Actions detail?
Relevant Multiple Population Actions
- Multiple Populations #1: Outreach on bull trout conservation issues (landowners, recreationists, anglers, school groups, and others).
- Multiple Populations #2: Continue annual spawning surveys in established index areas.
- Multiple Populations #3: Continue temperature monitoring
- Multiple Populations #5: Carcass analog placement if pilot studies demonstrate success.
- Multiple Populations #8: Manage Rimrock Dam operations to reduce entrainment.
- Multiple Populations #9: Periodic entrainment studies at storage dams
- Proposed: Evaluate solutions to varial zone passage issues
South Fork Tieton Actions
- South Fork Tieton River #1: Eliminate Bull Trout impacts in camping areas.
- South Fork Tieton River #2: Address problem roads.
- South Fork Tieton River #3: Implement dry forest restoration strategy.
- South Fork Tieton River #4: Remove passage barrier at the mouth.
- South Fork Tieton River #5: Monitor grazing allotment management plan implementation
- Proposed: Engage in planning effort for Tieton Forest Restoration Project
Actions in the Yakima Steelhead Recovery Plan that benefit this population
Update Notes
2012 BTAP text copied into Yakipedia and edited to match new format in October 2024 by Aimee Taylor. ADD LINK TO 2012 BTAP pdf placemark
Additional edits proposed by Alex Conley, aimee Taylor and Rimrock populations small group. Reviewed, and updated and appproved by BTWG in Nov 2024.
Specific detail on out of cycle updates